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Dev Psych Exam 2 > Biological, Prenatal, Birth > Flashcards

Biological, Prenatal, Birth Flashcards

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0
Q

Where is the chromosome located? Define it.

A

Chromosomes are located in the nucleus. It stores and transmits genetic information.

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1
Q

What is the difference between phenotypes and genotypes? Define it.

Which depends on which?

A

Phenotype=observable characteristics
Genotype= genetic information that determines our species and influences unique characteristics.

Phenotypes depend on our Genotypes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have? Where do they come from?

A

We have 23 matching pairs (except XY in males). There is 46 in total. One of each is inherited by mother and father.

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromosomes are made of DNA

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4
Q

Approx how many genes lie along a human chromosome?

A

20-25 thou

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5
Q

We share how much of our DNA with chimpanzees? How about other humans?

A

98-99%

99.1%

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6
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome.

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7
Q

DNA duplicates itself through which process?

A

It duplicates itself through Mitosis, which allows diversity though division of cells.

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8
Q

Explain Mitosis. What’s the result of it?

A

DNA duplicates itself through Mitosis. It permits a single cell, formed at Conception to develop into a complex human which is composed of many cells.

As a result, each new body cell has same number of chromosomes and identical gene info.

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9
Q

Explain DNA. How does our body receive genetic instructions?

A

this double stranded molecule has a pair of chemical substance called BASE (AT CG). The sequence provides genetic instructions.

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10
Q

According to the book, 99% of heredity is responsible for traits that make us human.

A

False. According to the book, only a small portion of heredity is responsible for traits that make us human. Like or upright gait language and cognitive capacities.

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11
Q

Concerning base in our DNA, how much change is needed to influence human traits?

A

One change is a single base pair can influence traits. It can affect multiple genes through Mitosis when it starts to amplify variability in human.

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12
Q

Name all the sex cells w short description.

A

Autosomes -22 NON sex chromosomes

Sex-XX XY. 23rd pair. Determines sex. X carries most genes. Sex is determined by whether an X or Y bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum.

Gametes- sperm and ova.

Zygote. Sperm and ova united at fertilization.

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13
Q

What is Gametes?

How are gametes formed?

When they are formed, what is it?

A

New individuals are created when 2 Gametes(sex cells) aka sperm and ova, combine.

Gametes are formed through cell division called Meiosis, which halves the normal # of chromosomes. Sperm and ova which contain 23 each.

When sperm and ovum unite at fertilization, the resulting cell Zygote, will again have 46 chromosomes.

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14
Q

When does crossing over occur? Explain the process. What does this process do.

A

Crossing over occurs during Meiosis stage. This is when chromosomes which have paired up, and each break a point along their lengths and exchange genes. This exchange allows genes to replace each other in order to combine new hereditary combos.

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15
Q

Explain the 7 step process of Meiosis. Start w original cells and end with zygote period.

A

1 og cells starts with 4 separate strands of chromosomes. There are 23 pairs each.

2 chromosomes each duplicate and pair with another.

3 crossing over takes place between 2 innermost pair members to exchange genes.

4 the crossovered pairs separate to form 2 cells, each with 23 duplicated chromosomes.

5 duplicated chromosomes separate to form gametes, each with 23 single chromosomes.

6 fertilization

7 zygote. Sperm and ovum unite. First cell of the new individual, the zygote, has 46 or 23 pairs. Same as original cell.

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16
Q

How are monozygotic twins made? How often are they created? How does environment affect it?

A

When a duplicating zygote separated into 2 clusters of cells, which developed into 2 individuals w the same genetic makeup.

1 in 330 births.

Environment such as temperature oxygen levels and late fertility and genetics.

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17
Q

How are fraternal or dizygotic twins created? What’s their genetic similarities? What are some causes to this? How often?

A

Release and fertilization if 2 ova. Genetically, they are no more alike than reg. siblings.

Older age fertility drugs and vitro fertilization. 1 in 60.

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18
Q

What is an allele. What are the 2 diff. Descriptions?
What does it determine?

What is a carrier?

A

Forms of same gene on pair is chromosomes.

Homozygous- 2 alleles the same (each parents alike) and heterozygous- alleles differ.

This determines phenotype.

A carrier is someone with just one recessive allele (Db) that pass their trait.

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19
Q

T or f? Most serious diseases occur due to dominant alleles.

A

False. It usually occurs with recessive. Our evolution was able to weed it out before reproduction age but some like hunting tons disease remained as dominant bc symptoms don’t occur until 35.

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20
Q

Explain incomplete dominance.

A

That’s when both genes from parents are inherited and both allele express phenotype.

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21
Q

What is an x linked inheritance?

A

Males are most likely to receive a recessive gene carrying disorders due to their short Y chromosomes which lacks any corresponding allele to override. Since females have another X chromosomes, they fare better.

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22
Q

T or f? When alleles are imprinted, it is guaranteed to pass on.

Imprinting is temporary.

A

True

False

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23
Q

T or f. Mutation is a slow process in which our genes create to fight other cells.

Germline mutation is when affected person passes it on.

Somatic mutation is when normal cells mutate at any point in life.

Most defects occur during mitosis.

A

F. It’s a sudden and permanent change in segment of DNA.

True

True.

False. Most genetic defects occur during Meiosis.

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24
Q

Define polygenic.

A

Many genes determine characteristics.

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25
Q

How does Down syndrome occur? Does it occur during meiosis or mitosis?

A

Failure of seperation the 21st pair of chromosomes during meiosis. So the person inherits 3 instead of the 2 normal chromosomes.

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26
Q

Which sex chromosome abnormality produces webbed neck and sterility and spatial intelligence?

Tallness and impaired verbal intel given?

A

XO

XXX

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27
Q

What is genetic counseling designed for?

A

Assess chances of having bb w hereditary disorders.

To choose best course of action in terms of risk and family goals.

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28
Q

What are the best pre natal medical procedures for women past prime maternal age?

A

Amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Maternal blood analysis.

29
Q

Pros and cons of reproductive technologies?

A

Babies for ppl who can’t have babies.
Warmer child care perhaps?

Cons
Doctors not req. to keep records of donors.
Multiple births low birth weight and major birth defects due to drugs used to ripen ova.
Old ass parents.
Surrogates keeping baby or parents not wanting baby in the mid of pregnancy.

30
Q

Which chromosome is Down syndrome affected by?

A

The 21st. There’s an extra chromosome when it should just be a pair.

31
Q

Explain the process of conception and fertilization. Explain using ovaries, uterus, Fallopian tube, and sperm.

A

In the middle of a menstrual cycle, an ovum bursts from ovaries into the Fallopian tubes, which leads to the uterus.

The corpus luteum secretes hormones to prepare uterus to recieve the fertilized ovum. If not, it shrinks and the lining of uterus is discarded.

Sperm swims up to the cervix (uterus opening) and into Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place. Only 300-500 make it.

32
Q

How many weeks is pregnancy?

A

38 weeks

33
Q

What is zygote and how long is the period of zygote? First cell duplication? Blastocysts? Implantation? Placenta and umbilical cord?

A

Period of zygote lasts 2 weeks, from fertilization to implantation onto wall of uterus. Travels down Fallopian tube into uterus.

First cell duplication takes about 30 hrs after conception and new cells are added.

By day 4, 60-70 fluid filled balls called blastocysts have formed. The cells inside the blastocysts, embryonic disk, becomes human! The trophoblast is protective covering.

Day 7-9 implantation occurs. Blastocyst burrow into blood rich uterine lining. Amniotic sack is developed to maintain temperature. This begins gastulation, which begins embryonic stage.

End of 2nd week is end if zygote- development of placenta and umbilical cord for oxygen and waste.

34
Q

Describe the embryo period and how long it lasts. What develops?

A

3-8 weeks (6 weeks). From implantation til the 8th week. Most rapid prenatal change happens.

1) embryonic disk forms 3 layers, ecto meso and endoderm. Nervous system rapidly develops and ectoderm forms Neural tube, the primitive spinal cord and also forms brain.

Practically all parts develop in 2nd month, so it’s very vulnerable time. The 6 developments: Limbs, face, organs, spinal cord, muscle, and heart beats!

At 7 weeks, neurons develop.

End of embryonic period, baby can now sense world.

35
Q

How does blastocysts develop during the first part of the month in the embryo stage? What is gastulation and it’s 3 layers?

A

Layers of cells cave into each other. The different layers cave into the center cell which develops to be a baby.

Gastulation:
Lower Endoderm layer lungs liver lining
Mid Mesoderm heart muscle bone blood
Top Ectoderm spinal cord brain skin and hair

36
Q

Describe period of fetus and length.

A

9th week to the end. Longest period.

All about growth and finishing and rapid growth especially at 9-12 weeks.

Nervous system organs and muscles become organized and connected. Brain growth, Cerebral Cortex. Lungs. Eyes and ears respond to stimuli like light and music. Sucks thumb, change body pos.

Behaviors appear like thumb suck mouth open and breath reversal. External genitals are formed and sex is evident.

37
Q

When is the age of viability? What is viability? What happens if baby is born too early? What’s considered too early?

A

22-26 weeks is when baby can survive out of womb. Baby born within 7th-8th month usually needs oxygen assistance bc their lungs not fully developed. The airspace are not ready.

38
Q

T or f? Active fetuses have produced a more active 1 yo.

A

True

39
Q

What is the term for environmental factors that cause damage to baby during prenatal periods?

A

Teratogens

40
Q

What are factors of teratogens that influence a baby.

A 
Dose- obvi. Larger doses more harm
Heredity- some ind. more able to withstand harm. 
Age at time of exposure. The earlier the more serious. 
Poor nutrition. 
Drugs 
Pollution 
Alcohol
Radiation
Stress
41
Q

What is sensitive period. How does teratogens affect development in each stage?

A

Brain and eye is affected for almost 16 weeks. Limbs shorter.

Period of zygote, before implantation there isn’t much harm to be done. If it does, the whole body of cells just die.

The embryonic stage is the time when most serious defects occur bc foundations are being laid down.

Fetal period damage is minor but still can be damaged.

Psychological consequences can also occur indirectly due to physical damage.

42
Q

Why does tobacco affect birth? Also what is it considered when it affects genes of baby?

A

The constriction of blood vessels and lessens blood flow to uterus and causes placenta to grow abnormally. And not much nutrients. Carbon monoxide displaces red blood cells damaging central nervous system.

Considered epigenesis.

43
Q

Explain consequence of fetal alcohol syndrome.

A

Slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, brain, reduced cognitive function.

44
Q

What are the 3 stages of childbirth?

A
  1. Dilation - opening of birth canal. Can last up to 12-14 hours. 4-6 for already mothers. Contractions happen to open the cervix.
  2. Pushing and delivery- 50 mins then 20 after first baby.
  3. Birth of placenta- after baby delivery, 5-10 minutes of pushing to separate placenta from uterus.
45
Q

How do babies use cortisol to adapt to the pressure of birth?

A

They adapt by withstanding he oxygen deprivation by sending rich blood supply to brain and heart. Cortisol also helps baby to first start breathing. Lastly, helps baby stay awake to interact w world.

46
Q

Explain APGAR scale.

A 
Appearance 
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration

Combined score of 7+ is best

47
Q

What are the some natural or prepared childbirth?

A

Classes- knowledge to reduce moms fear
Relaxing- breathing exercises
Labor coach- reminds mother to relax and breathe
Social support-good support reduces labor time and invasive measures like c section.
Positions for delivery-sitting and water births have shorter labor time

48
Q

Which complication of birth requires c section deliveries?

Anoxia
Placenta abruptio
Rh factor

A

Placenta abruptio

49
Q

Describe the birth complications
Anoxia
Preterm
Small for date

A

Anoxia is when baby is wrapped in cord and can’t breathe. It leads to lower cognitive function.

Preterm babies born at 22-26. Also suffers cognitive n behavioral issues. Also at risk of child abuse bc of parents demands.

Small for date babies are below their expected weight. Smaller lower iq; etc.

50
Q

Intervention for premature babies

A

Stimulation, touch. Skin to skin and massaging from parents promote oxygenation improving cognitive and physical functions of baby.

51
Q

Which field devotes to uncovering contributions of nature and nurture in the diversity of human traits and abilities?

A

Behavioral genetics

52
Q

How do does gene-environment interaction effect children ability to score an IQ test.

What are the two important points?

A

When environments very from extremely unstimulating to highly enriched intelligent test scores increases steadily.

For another child they may do better in a moderate stimulation versus highly enriched

It shows that because of our unique genetic make up we respond differently to the same environment

Second sometimes different gene environment combinations can make two children look the same. for example if Linda is reared in a minimally stimulating environment her score will be about 100 which is average but for Ben and Rob to obtain the same score they must grow up in an enriched home.

53
Q

Describe canalization.

A

A behavior that is strongly canalized develop similarly in a wider range of environments and only the strong environmental forces can change it. For example intelligence and personality are less strongly canalized life because they vary much more with changes in the environment.

54
Q

Blank means development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

Example.

A

Epigenesis. For example a baby with a healthy diet increases brain growth translating into new connections between nerve cells which transform gene expression. Having the ability to explore and interact due to brain growth also further enhances brain growth and this ongoing bidirectional influence fosters cognitive and social development.

55
Q

Which prenatal stage is the most rapid change?

A

Embryonic stage.

56
Q

What is modifier genes?

A

Enhance or dilute the effects of other genes.

57
Q

Is it Heterozygous or homozygous individuals who become carriers of a recessive trait?

A

Heterozygous

58
Q

Babies born to heroin or methodone users are at risk for what?

A

Prematurity
Low birth weight
Defects
Addicted

59
Q

What are some predictors of pregnancy complications?

A

Poverty, health, and environment.

60
Q

What can prolong birth for a mom?

A

Epidural

61
Q

Who has longer lasting difficulties. Premature babies or small for date?

A

Small for date.

62
Q

The impact of teratogens may depend on what?

A

Length of exposure
Amount
Genetic makeup
Age of organism at time of exposure

63
Q

PKU is the most common dom or rec allele?

A

Recessive.

64
Q

Infants born w 2 recessive alleles lack enzyme to convert pku to tyrosine so it becomes toxic. How long do infants have until they’re permanently mentally retarded?

A

They have about 1 year.

65
Q

How does modifier genes apply to PKU ?

A

When children vary in the degree to which PKU accumulates in tissues and the extent to which they respond to treatment.

66
Q

Sickle cell is an example of what?

A

Incomplete dominance.

67
Q

Hemophilia is an example of?

A

X linked inheritance.

68
Q

What does imprinting explain?

A

Why children develop diabetes due to their father. And jay fevers their mom. It’s involved in childhood cancer. When hunting tons disease is inherited from father it emerges faster.

69
Q

Fragile x syndrome affects who mostly and what is it linked w? Sex chromosome? Relation to imprinting?

A

Boys and autism. Genome imprint affects sex chromosomes.

70
Q

What are some polygenic inheritance?

A

Height weight intelligence and personality.

Dev Psych Exam 2 (3 decks)

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