Chapter 4: Human Movement system in Fitness Flashcards
nervous system
a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body
central nervous system (CNS)
the division of the nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body
motor control
how the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
motor learning
integration of motor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relatively permanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements
motor development
change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
structural efficiency
structural alignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to maintain balance in relation to its center of gravity
neuron
functional unit of the nervous system
dendrite
portion of a neuron that is responsible for gathering information from other structures
cell body
portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and golgi complex
axon
a cylindrical projection form the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons or effector sites
nerve impulses
consecutive linking of neurons by electrochemical signals that travel throughout the nerve fiber
afferent neurons
nerve impulses that move toward the spinal cord and brain from the periphery of the body and are sensory in nature
efferent neurons
efferent neurons are motor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract
interneurons
only located within the spinal cord and brain; receive impulses from afferent (sensory) neurons and conduct back out to provide a motor (efferent) response
mechanoreceptors
sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
proprioception
cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movements
muscle spindles
receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change
golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
receptors sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change
joint receptors
receptors in and around a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
viscoelastic
ability to stretch linearly
agonists
muscles that works as the prime mover of a joint exercise
synergist
muscles that assist the primer mover in a joint action
stabilizers
muscles that minimize unwanted movement while the agonist and synergist work to provide movement at the joint
atagonists
muscles that oppose the prime mover
ligament
strong connective tissue that connects bone to bone
tendon
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
axial skeleton
portion of the skeletal system that consists of the bones of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
appendicular skeleton
portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the EU and LE
arthrokinematics
the motions of the joints in the body
synovial joints
joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; type of joint most associated with movement in the body
nonsynovial joints
joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
stabilization system
muscles whose primary function is to provide joint support and stabilization; also known as the local muscular system
global muscular system
system composed of four subsystems that are designed for larger muscles to work synergistically in larger movements patterns
length-tension relationship (LTR)
the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at that resting length
force-couple relationship
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
motor output
response to stimuli that activates movement in organs or muscles
motor behavior
motor responses to internal and external environmental stimuli
kinetic chain
the combination and interrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to create movement
posture
position and bearing of the body for alignment and function of the kinetic chain
biotensegrity
the examination of how biological structural integrity may occur
range of motion (ROM)
the range through which a joint may be freely moved with no resistance or pain
cumulative injury cycle
a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances
pattern overload
repetitive physical activity that moves through the same patterns of motion, placing the same stresses on the body over time
repetitive stress injury (RSI)
injury due to pattern overload
hypomobility
decrease in normal movement and functionality of a joint, which affects range of motion
altered reciprocal inhibition
process by which a short muscle, a tight muscle, and/or myofascial adhesions in the muscle cause decreased neural drive of its functional antagonist
synergistic dominance
when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime movers
tensegrity
refers to a skeletal structure in which compression and tension are used to give structure its form, providing stability an efficiency in mass and movement
pelvo-ocular reflex
the neuromotor response of the pelvic girdle and LE that serves to orient the body region in response to head position and visual cues
cardiorespiratory system
system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
cardiovascular system
system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
respiratory system
system of the body composed of lungs and respiratory passages that collect O2 from the external environment and transport it to the bloodstream
