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ANAT 316 > Chapter 4: Heart and Lungs > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Heart and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Thoracic cage

A

-surrounds and supports organs in thoracic cavity and superior abdominal cavity
-provides support for upper limbs
-plays a role in breathing

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2
Q

Superior thoracic aperture

A

-structures passing between thoracic cavity and neck pass through this

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3
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture

A

-structures passing between thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

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4
Q

Sternum

A

-breastbone

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5
Q

What structures does the sternum contain

A

-manubrium
-body
-xiphoid process
-sternal angle
-suprasternal (jugular) notch
-clavicular notches

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6
Q

What does manubrium articulate with

A

-first and second ribs

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7
Q

What do clavicular notches articulate with

A

-clavicles to form sternoclavicular joints

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8
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there in total

A

12

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9
Q

What are the true ribs

A

1-7

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10
Q

What are the false ribs

A

8-12

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11
Q

Vertebrocostal ribs

A

-pairs 8-10
-attach indirectly to the sternum
-attach to costal cartilages and articulate indirectly with the 7th costal cartilage

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12
Q

Floating ribs

A

-only attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae as they do not attach to the sternum in any manner and are particularly short
-they do not have a neck or tubercle

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13
Q

Surface features of ribs

A

-head
-neck
-tubercle
-body
-costal angle
-costal groove

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14
Q

Intercostal spaces

A

-spaces between neighbouring ribs

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15
Q

Why is rib 1 atypical

A

-shortest true rib
-single facet on head
-lacks angle and costal groove
-has 2 grooves for subclavian vessels
-scalene tubercle

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16
Q

Why is rib 2 atypical

A

-tuberosity for serratus anterior muscle

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17
Q

Why is rib 10 atypical

A

-single facet on head

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18
Q

Why is rib 11 atypical

A

-single facet on head
-short neck
-lacks tubercle
-has a slight costal groove

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19
Q

Why is rib 12 atypical

A

-single facet on head
-lacks tubercle, angle and costal groove

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20
Q

Costovertebral joints

A

-costal demifacets: on vertebrae T1-T9
-costal facets: on vertebrae T1 and T10-T12
-on heads of ribs 1-12

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21
Q

Costotransverse joints

A

-on tubercle of ribs 1-10
-transverse costal facets: on transverse processes of matching vertebrae

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22
Q

Ligaments of the costovertebral joint

A

-fibrous capsule
-radiate and intraarticular ligaments
-only on joints 2-9

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23
Q

Ligaments of the costotransverse joint

A

-fibrous capsule
-medial costotransverse
-superior costotransverse
-lateral costotransverse

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24
Q

Movements of the costovertebral joints

A

-internal rotation and elevation of head of rib

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25
Q

Movements of costotransverse joints 1-6

A

-internal rotation of neck of rib

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26
Q

Movements of costotransverse joints 7-10

A

-posteromedial translation of neck of rib

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27
Q

Arteries of the intercostal space

A

-internal thoracic artery
-anterior intercostal arteries
-posterior intercostal arteries
-subcostal artery

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28
Q

Veins of the intercostal space

A

-anterior intercostal veins
-posterior intercostal veins
-subcostal vein

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29
Q

Nerves of the intercostal space

A

-intercostal nerves
-subcostal nerve

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30
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

-origin: inferior border of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-elevate the ribs

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31
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

-origin: costal groove of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-depress the ribs

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32
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles

A

-origin: costal groove of one rib
-insertion: superior border of immediate rib below
-innervated by intercostal nerves
-depress the ribs

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33
Q

Transversus thoracic muscle

A

-origin: inferoposterior surface of body of sternum and xiphoid process and sternal ends of costal cartilage of ribs 4-7
-insertion: internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 2-6
-depresses ribs and supports intercostal spaces and thoracic cage

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34
Q

Diaphragm sternal part origin

A

-posterior aspect of xiphoid process

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35
Q

Diaphragm costal part origin

A

-internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12

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36
Q

Diaphragm lumbar part origin

A

-medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, bodies of vertebrae L1-L3 and anterior longitudinal ligament

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37
Q

Diaphragm insertion

A

-central tendon of diaphragm

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38
Q

Openings of the diaphragm

A

-aortic hiatus
-esophageal hiatus
-caval foramen
-openings for greater and lesser splanchnic nerves, and superior epigastric vessels

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39
Q

Recesses of the diaphragm

A

-costo-diaphragmatic recess
-costomediastinal recess

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40
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

-phrenic nerves (C3-C5)
-sensory innervation of peripheries via 6th-11th intercostal nerves

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41
Q

Blood supply of the diaphragm

A

-lowest 5 intercostal arteries
-subcostal arteries
-superior phrenic arteries

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42
Q

Function of the diaphragm

A

-main muscle responsible for respiration
-increases abdominal pressure during defecation, vomiting and voiding
-applies pressure on the esophagus to prevent acid reflux

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43
Q

Parts of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

A

-skeletal muscle
-central tendon

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44
Q

Openings of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

A

-aortic hiatus
-esophageal hiatus
-caval foramen

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45
Q

Innervation of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

A

-left and right phrenic nerves (C3-C5)

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46
Q

Blood supply of the abdominal surface of the diaphragm

A

-left and right phrenic arteries (branches of the abdominal aorta)

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47
Q

Where is the heart located

A

-between the lungs and in the mediastinum
-about 2/3 of it lies in the bodys midline

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48
Q

Surfaces of the heart

A

-anterior surface
-inferior surface
-right surface
-left surface

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49
Q

Surface projection

A

-refers to the outlining of the dimensions of an organ on the surface of the body

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50
Q

Surface projection points of the heart

A

-superior right point
-superior left point
-inferior right point
-inferior left point

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51
Q

Pericardium

A

-sac that surrounds and protects the heart

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52
Q

Portions of the pericardium

A

-fibrous pericardium
-serous pericardium

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53
Q

Superficial fibrous pericardium

A

-prevents overstretching of the heart
-provides protection
-anchors heart to mediastinum

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54
Q

Deep serous pericardium layers

A

-outer parietal layer
-inner viceral layer

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55
Q

Outer parietal layer

A

-lines inside of the fibrous pericardium

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56
Q

Inner visceral layer

A

-adheres to hearts surface

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57
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

-between parietal and visceral serous pericardial layers
-contains pericardial fluid

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58
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

-lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the membranes as the heart moves

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59
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A

-outer epicardium
-middle myocardium
-innermost endocardium

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60
Q

Outer epicardium

A

-visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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61
Q

Middle myocardium

A

-composed of thick cardiac muscle tissue

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62
Q

Innermost endocardium

A

-composed of connective tissue covered by endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels

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63
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

-right atria
-left atria
-right ventricle
-left ventricle

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64
Q

Auricle

A

-structure in the atrias
-allows atrium to hold a larger volume of blood

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65
Q

Where do atria receive blood from

A

-receive blood from major systemic veins and pulmonary veins

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66
Q

Where do ventricles pump blood to

A

-pump blood into systemic and pulmonary

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67
Q

Pulmonary pump

A

-consists of the right atrium and right ventricle
-pumps blood towards the lungs

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68
Q

Systemic pump

A

-consisting of the left atrium and left ventricle
-pumps oxygenated blood towards the rest of the body

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69
Q

Major grooves of the surface of the heart

A

-coronary sulcus
-anterior interventricular sulcus
-posterior interventricular sulcus

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70
Q

Right atrium

A

-receives deoxygenated blood from 3 veins
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus

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71
Q

Superior vena cava

A

-brings blood from most parts of the body superior to the heart

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72
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

-brings blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm

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73
Q

Coronary sinus

A

-brings blood from most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart

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74
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

-internal parallel ridges on the superior and right atrial walls

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75
Q

Crista terminalis

A

-smooth muscular ridge in the superior portion of the right atrium
-divides the musculi pectinati and the right atrial appendage from the smooth surface of the right atrium

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76
Q

Interatrial septum

A

-on the interior of the heart
-separates the atria
-has an oval depression called fossa ovalis

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77
Q

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

A

-blood in right atrium flows into right ventricle through

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78
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

-irregular surface of ridges on inner surface of right ventricle

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79
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

-ensure that the cusps of the tricuspid valve permit blood to flow into the right ventricle but prevent backflow of blood into right atrium

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80
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-separates the 2 ventricles

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81
Q

Where does the left atrium receive blood from

A

-receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins

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82
Q

Atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)

A

-blood in the left atrium flows into left ventricle through this

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83
Q

What forms the apex of the heart

A

-left ventricle

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84
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

-irregular surface of ridges on the inner surface of the left ventricle

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85
Q

Aortic valve flow

A

-left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through aortic valve into the ascending aorta

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86
Q

Left and right coronary arteries

A

-ascending aorta gives rise to these
-they deliver blood to the walls of the heart

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87
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

-during fetal life this structure shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta
-shortly after birth this closes

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88
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

-remnant of ductus arteriosus after it closes

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89
Q

Myocardial walls of atria function

A

-relatively thin
-pump low pressure blood into ventricles

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90
Q

Myocardial walls of ventricles function

A

-relatively thick
-pump high pressure blood greater distances

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91
Q

Which ventricle has a thicker wall

A

-left

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92
Q

Fibrous skeleton of heart

A

-dense connective tissue of the heart wall

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93
Q

Fibrous skeleton of the heart tissue rings

A

-right atrioventricular ring
-left atrioventricular ring
-pulmonary fibrous ring
-aortic fibrous ring

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94
Q

Fibrous skeleton function

A

-provides a structural foundation for heart valves
-helps prevent overstretching of valves
-insertion point for cardiac muscle bundles
-electrically insulates atria and ventricles for proper action potentials

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95
Q

Heart valves function

A

-open and close in response to pressure changes as heart contracts and relaxes
-prevents backflow of blood in the heart

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96
Q

2 atrioventricular valves

A

-right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
-left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)

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97
Q

2 semilunar valves

A

-pulmonary valve
-aortic valve

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98
Q

Pulmonary valve location

A

-between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

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99
Q

Aortic valve location

A

-between aorta and left ventricle

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100
Q

Semilunar valves function

A

-permit ejection of blood from ventricles
-prevent backflow of blood into heart

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101
Q

Coronary (cardiac) circulation

A

-flow of blood through the blood vessels that penetrate the myocardium

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102
Q

Left coronary artery divisions

A

-anterior interventricular branch
-circumflex branch

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103
Q

Right coronary artery divisions

A

-inferior interventricular branch
-marginal branch

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104
Q

Principal tributaries of coronary sinus

A

-great cardiac vein
-middle cardiac vein
-small cardiac vein
-anterior cardiac veins

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105
Q

What does the great cardiac vein accompany

A

-LAD artery

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106
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein accompany

A

-PDA artery

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107
Q

What does the small cardiac vein accompany

A

-runs parallel to inferior margin of coronary/AV sulcus

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108
Q

What does the anterior cardiac veins accompany

A

-runs along right inferior margin of right ventricle

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109
Q

Autorhythmic cells

A

-happens to 1% of cardiac muscle fibres during embryonic development

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110
Q

Function of autorhythmic cells

A

-act as natural pacemaker
-form the cardiac conduction system to conduct action potentials throughout myocardium

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111
Q

Components of the cardiac conduction system

A

-sinoatrial node (SA node)
-atrioventricular node (AV node)
-atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
-right and left bundle branches
-subendocardial conducting network

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112
Q

What controls pace of contractions

A

-nervous system
-hormones

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113
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

-includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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114
Q

Sympathetic control of heart rate

A

-increases heart rate
-dilation of arteries

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115
Q

Parasympathetic control of heart rate

A

-decreases heart rate

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116
Q

2 circuits of blood circulation

A

-systemic circulation
-pulmonary circulation

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117
Q

Which side of the heart does systemic circulation

A

-left side

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118
Q

Systemic circulation

A

-left side of heart receieves oxygenated blood from lungs
-then pumps this blood into aorta which branches into smaller arteries
-these arteries carry blood to all organs
-capillaries merge to deliver deoxygenated blood into systemuc venules which merge to form systemic veins and carry blood to right atrium of heart

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119
Q

Which side of the heart does pulmonary circulation

A

-right side

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120
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

-receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation and pumps it into pulmonary trunk
-this branches into pulmonary arteries that carry blood to left and right lungs
-in the lungs the pulmonary capillaries are site of gas exchange and the blood becomes oxygenated
-the oxygenated blood flows into pulmonary veins and returns to left atrium

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121
Q

What shape are the lungs

A

-cone shaped

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122
Q

Where are the lungs located

A

-thoracic cavity
-extend from diaphragm to above the clavicles and lie against the ribs

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123
Q

What separates the 2 chambers of the lungs

A

-heart
-mediastinum

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124
Q

Pleural membrane

A

-layer that covers and protects the lungs

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125
Q

Layers of the pleural membrane

A

-parietal pleura
-visceral pleura

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126
Q

Parietal pleura

A

-lines the walls of thoracic cavity

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127
Q

Visceral pleura

A

-adheres to the lungs

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128
Q

Pleural cavity

A

-between 2 pleura
-contains lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes

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129
Q

Base of the lungs

A

-broad inferior portion

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130
Q

Apex of the lungs

A

-narrow superior portion

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131
Q

Costal surface of the lungs

A

-lies against the ribs

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132
Q

Mediastinal surface of lungs

A

-medial
-contains hilum

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133
Q

Hilum of the lungs

A

-where bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung

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134
Q

Cardiac notch

A

-left lung
-on medial surface
-heart rests on this

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135
Q

Lobes of left lung

A

-superior lobe
-inferior lobe

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136
Q

Oblique fissure (left)

A

-separates superior and inferior lobe

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137
Q

Lobes of the right lung

A

-superior lobe
-middle lobe
-inferior lobe

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138
Q

Upper part of oblique fissure (right)

A

-separates superior and inferior lobe

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139
Q

Lower part of oblique fissure (right)

A

-separates inferior and middle lobe

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140
Q

Horizontal fissure (right)

A

-borders superior portion of middle lobe

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141
Q

Right main bronchus divisions

A

-superior bronchi
-middle bronchi
-inferior lobar bronchi

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142
Q

Left main bronchus divisions

A

-superior bronchi
-inferior lobar bronchi

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143
Q

Lobar bronchi divisions

A

-segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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144
Q

Segmental (tertiary) bronchi function

A

-supply air to the bronchopulmonary segments of each lung

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145
Q

Lobule

A

-small compartment in each bronchopulmonary segment

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146
Q

Lobule contents

A

-lymphatic vessel
-arteriole
-venule
-respiratory bronchiole

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147
Q

Respiratory bronchiole divisions

A

-alveolar ducts

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148
Q

Alveolar duct

A

-contains about 100 alveolar saccule and pulmonary alveoli

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149
Q

Alveolar saccule

A

-terminal dilation of an alveolar duct and is composed of 20-30 pulmonary alveoli

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150
Q

Pulmonary alveolus

A

-cup shaped
-lined by simple squamous epithelium
-supported by thin elastic membrane

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151
Q

Arteries supplying blood to the lungs

A

-pulmonary arteries
-bronchial arteries

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152
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

-how blood is delivered to the lungs from the right ventricle
-blood is also returned to heart

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153
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

-deliver oxygenated blood to bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs

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154
Q

Innervation of the lungs

A

-pulmonary plexus

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155
Q

Pulmonary plexus

A

-formed by branches of the vagus nerve

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156
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

-inhalation and exhalation of air between pulmonary alveoli of lungs and atmosphere

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157
Q

Inhalation (inspiration)

A

-when alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure

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158
Q

Principal muscles of inhalation

A

-diaphragm
-external intercostal muscles

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159
Q

Diaphragm innervation

A

-phrenic nerve

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160
Q

Exhalation

A

-air pressure in pulmonary alveoli is greater than atmospheric pressure

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161
Q

Muscles of exhalation

A

-passive process
-does not require muscles
-caused by relaxation of inspiratory muscles

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162
Q

Labored breathing muscles

A

-abdominal muscles
-internal intercostal muscles

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163
Q

Mediastinum

A

-compartment of thorax located in midline of the body
-contains most of thoracic viscera, apart from lungs

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164
Q

Mediastinum attachments

A

-vertically attaches to thoracic inlet
-bounded laterally by medial surfaces of pleura

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165
Q

Thoracic plane of ludwig

A

-imaginary line extending from sternal angle to T4-T5 space
-divides mediastinum into superior and inferior divisions

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166
Q

Inferior division of mediastinum divisions

A

-anterior compartment
-middle compartment
-posterior compartment

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167
Q

What divides the compartments of the inferior division of the mediastinum

A

-pericardial sac

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168
Q

Anterior mediastinum

A

-posterior to the body of sternum
-anterior to pericardium

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169
Q

Middle mediastinum

A

-bounded by pericardium
-encloses heart and origins of the great blood vessels

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170
Q

Posterior mediastinum

A

-posterior to pericardium
-anterior to vertebrae

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171
Q

Structures that belong to both superior and inferior mediastinum

A

-esophagus
-azygos veins
-vagus nerve
-phrenic nerve

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172
Q

Where do most mediastinal organs drain

A

-thoracic duct

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173
Q

Where does right side of thorax and right side of head drain

A

-right lymphatic trunk

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174
Q

Superior border of mediastinum

A

-thoracic inlet

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175
Q

Inferior border of mediastinum

A

-diaphragm

176
Q

Anterior border of mediastinum

A

-sternum and costal cartilages of 1-5 ribs

177
Q

Posterior border of mediastinum

A

-vertebral bodies of superior thoracic vertebrae

178
Q

Lateral border of mediastinum

A

-parietal pleura of each lung

179
Q

Contents of superior mediastinum

A

-thymus
-trachea
-superior vena cava
-aortic arch
-esophagus
-vagus and phrenic nerves

180
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

-some remnants of thymus

181
Q

Contents of middle mediastinum

A

-pericardial sac
-heart
-vena cava roots
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries and veins
-root of aorta
-main bronchi and phrenic nerves

182
Q

Contents of posterior mediastinum

A

-descending thoracic aorta
-azygos veins
-esophagus
-thoracic duct
-vagus nerves
-sympathetic trunk

183
Q

Abdominal wall function

A

-protect abdominal viscera
-maintain stability
-assist in actions that involve increase of intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, vomiting, defacation)

184
Q

Divisions of abdominal wall

A

-anterolateral wall
-posterior abdominal wall

185
Q

Anterolateral abdominal wall layers

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-muscles and associated fascia
-parietal peritoneum

186
Q

Posterior abdominal wall layers

A

-lumbar vertebrae
-pelvic girdle
-posterior abdominal muscles and associated fascia

187
Q

Lateral flat muscle group

A

-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus abdominis

188
Q

Anterior vertical muscle group

A

-rectus abdominus

189
Q

External oblique

A

-outermost muscle
-fibres run inferomedially
-origin: 5 to 12 rib
-insertion: anterior layer of rectus sheath

190
Q

Internal oblique

A

-fibres run superomedially
-origin: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and iliopectineal arch
-insertion: lower costal cartilages and linea alba

191
Q

Tranversus abdominus

A

-horizontal fibres
-origin: inner surface of lower costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliopectineal arch and iliac crest
-insertion: linea alba

192
Q

Transverse fascia

A

-located below transversus abdominus

193
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament

A

-inferior margin of external oblique

194
Q

Semilunar lines

A

-formed by divisions of the internal oblique and correspond with lateral margins of rectus abdominis
-extend from 9th costal cartilage to pubic tubercle

195
Q

Transversalis fascia

A

-separates the anterior abdominal wall from extraperitoneal fat

196
Q

Divisions of the rectus sheath

A

-anterior layer
-posterior layer

197
Q

Arcuate line

A

-where inferior epigastic artery and vein perforate the rectus abdominis

198
Q

Rectus abdominus muscles

A

-run vertically on either side of anterior abdominal wall
-separated by linea alba

199
Q

Tendinous intersections

A

-3 narrow bands on rectus abdominis muscles
-what results in 6 pack shape

200
Q

Origins of vessels of anterolateral abdominal wall

A

-internal thoracic vessels
-external iliac vessels
-intercostal vessels
-femoral artery
-greater saphenous vein

201
Q

Origin of main nerves of anterolateral abdominal wall

A

-lumbar and sacral plexuses

202
Q

Inguinal canals

A

-naturally occuring paired canals in lateral lower regions of anterior abdominal wall

203
Q

Inguinal canals function

A

-serve as a conduit for male gonads from point of origin to final destination

204
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

-origin of each inguinal canal
-located at medial half of inguinal ligament

205
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

-termination of each inguinal canal
-located superolateral to pubic tubercle

206
Q

Layers of abdominal wall from superficial to deep

A

-skin
-superficial fascia
-muscles
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal fat
-peritoneum

207
Q

Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles from deep to superficial

A

-transversus abdominis
-internal oblique
-rectus abdominis
-external oblique
-mnemonic spells out “TIRE”

208
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

-psoas major and minor
-iliacus
-quatratus lumborum

209
Q

Arteries of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

-internal thoracic
-posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries
-inferior epigastric artery
-deep and superficial circumflex arteries

210
Q

Veins of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

-superior and inferior epigastric
-thoracoepigastric
-subcostal

211
Q

Nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

-thoracoabdominal
-lateral cutaneous branches of 7-11
-subcostal
-iliohypogastric
-ilioinguinal

212
Q

Arteries of the posterior abdominal wall

A

-abdominal aorta
-subcostal
-inferior phrenic
-lumbar arteries

213
Q

Veins of the posterior abdominal wall

A

-inferior vena cava
-inferior phrenic veins
-lumbar veins
-common iliac veins

214
Q

Nerves of the posterior abdominal wall

A

-aortic plexus
-periarterial plexus

215
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

-largest serous membrane of the body

216
Q

2 main layers of the peritoneum

A

-parietal peritoneum
-visceral peritoneum

217
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

-lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity

218
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

-covers some of the abdominal organs

219
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

-space in between the 2 layers of the peritoneum
-contains lubricating serous fluid

220
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

-structures that are almost completely enveloped by visceral peritoneum and attach to the abdominal walls by a mesentery

221
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

-liver
-spleen
-stomach
-first part of duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-vermiform appendix
-tranverse colon
-sigmoid colon

222
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

-structures that lie between parietal peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
-not supported by mesentery and have a layer of parietal peritoneum resting on anterior surface

223
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

-rest of the duodenum
-pancreas
-ascending colon
-descending colon
-adrenal glands
-kidneys
-ureters
-upper rectum
-aorta

224
Q

Function of the folds of the peritoneum

A

-bind viscera of GI tract to eachother and to abdominal wall
-contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply abdominal organs

225
Q

5 major folds of the peritoneum

A

-greater omentum
-falciform ligament
-lesser omentum
-mesentery
-mesocolon

226
Q

Greater omentum

A

-longest fold
-extends from stomach and duodenum to the small intestine and the up to the transverse colon

227
Q

Falciform ligament

A

-attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

228
Q

Lesser omentum

A

-suspends stomach and duodenum from the liver
-pathway of blood vessels entering the liver

229
Q

Mesentery

A

-largest fold
-binds the jejunum and ileum of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

230
Q

Mesocolon

A

-binds sigmoid colon to posterior abdominal wall
-carry blood vessels and lymphatic vessels to the intestines

231
Q

What shape is the stomach

A

-j shaped

232
Q

4 main regions of the stomach

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pyloric part

233
Q

Cardia of the stomach

A

-surrounds superior opening of esophagus into the stomach

234
Q

Fundus of the stomach

A

-rounded portion superior and to the left of the cardia

235
Q

Body of the stomach

A

-large central portion inferior to fundus

236
Q

Regions of the pyloric part

A

-pyloric antrum
-pyloric canal
-pylorus

237
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

-connects to the stomachs body

238
Q

Pyloric canal

A

-leads to the pylorus

239
Q

Pylorus

A

-leads to the duodenum

240
Q

Gastric folds

A

-allow stomach to distend and accomodate considerable amount of food

241
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

-how the pylorus communicates with the duodenum

242
Q

Lesser curvature of the stomach

A

-concave medial border

243
Q

Greater curvature of the stomach

A

-convex lateral border

244
Q

Blood supply of the stomach

A

-branches of celiac artery

245
Q

Where does blood drain into from the stomach

A

-hepatic portal vein

246
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach

A

-celiac ganglia

247
Q

Blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

-left and right gastric arteries

248
Q

Blood supply of fundus and upper body of stomach

A

-short and posterior gastric arteries

249
Q

Blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach

A

-left and right gastro-omental arteries

250
Q

Function of the small intestine

A

-site of most digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients

251
Q

3 regions of the small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

252
Q

Duodenum classification

A

-retroperitoneal

253
Q

Location of duodenum

A

-pyloric sphincter to jejunum

254
Q

4 parts of the duodenum

A

-superior limb
-descending limb
-inferior limb
-ascending limb

255
Q

Jejunum location

A

-left upper quadrant of abdominal cavity

256
Q

Ileum location

A

-right lower quadrant of abdominal cavity

257
Q

Duodenojejunal flexure

A

-where jejunum begins

258
Q

Ileocecal junction

A

-where ileum ends

259
Q

Blood supply of the jejunum and ileum

A

-superior mesenteric artery

260
Q

Ileal orifice

A

-where the ileum joins the large intestine

261
Q

Innervation of the small intestine

A

-superior mesenteric plexus

262
Q

Large intestine classification

A

-ascending and descending parts of colon are retroperitoneal
-remaining parts and rectum are attached by mesocolon

263
Q

3 principal regions of the large intestine

A

-cecum
-colon
-rectum

264
Q

Anal canal

A

-where rectum terminates

265
Q

Cecum location

A

-lower right portion of abdominal cavity

266
Q

What is the appendix attached to

A

-cecum

267
Q

Mesoappendix

A

-mesentery of the appendix

268
Q

Colon location

A

-merges from open end of cecum

269
Q

4 segments of the colon

A

-ascending
-transverse
-descending
-sigmoid

270
Q

Ascending colon

A

-ascends on the right side of the abdominal cavity to right colic flexure

271
Q

Transverse colon

A

-travels across left side of abdominal cavity to left colic flexure

272
Q

Descending colon

A

-descends on left side of abdominal cavity to the level of the iliac crest

273
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

-travels medially from the left iliac crest to the level of the third sacral verebra

274
Q

Rectum location

A

-descends anterior to sacrum and coccyx

275
Q

Anal columns

A

-mucous membrane that contains blood vessels

276
Q

Anus

A

-opening to exterior
-normally closed by 2 sphincters

277
Q

Sphincters of the anus

A

-internal anal sphincter
-external anal sphincter

278
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

-smooth muscle tissue
-involuntary

279
Q

External anal sphincter

A

-skeletal muscle tissue
-voluntary

280
Q

Blood supply of ascending colon

A

-right colic and ileocolic arteries

281
Q

Blood supply of transverse colon

A

-middle colic artery

282
Q

Blood supply of descending colon

A

-left colic artery

283
Q

Blood supply of sigmoid colon

A

-sigmoid arteries

284
Q

Liver location

A

-under the diaphragm in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
-vertebral levels T7-L2

285
Q

2 surfaces of the liver

A

-convex diaphragmatic surface
-concave visceral surface

286
Q

Visceral surface of the liver

A

-covered with visceral peritoneum
-except at porta hepatis and gallbladder fossa

287
Q

Gallbladder fossa

A

-where gallbladder rests against liver

288
Q

Porta hepatis

A

-passage for structures to pass to and from liver

289
Q

Structures of the porta hepatis

A

-hepatic portal vein
-hepatic arteries
-common bile duct

290
Q

2 principal lobes of the liver

A

-right lobe
-left lobe

291
Q

Divisions of the left lobe of the liver

A

-quadrate lobe
-caudate lobe

292
Q

What separates the lobes of the liver

A

-falciform ligament

293
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

-free border of the falciform ligament
-extends from liver to umbilicus

294
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

-formation of the right and left hepatic ducts
-exits the liver

295
Q

Common bile duct

A

-formation of common hepatic duct and cystic duct
-drains bile into descending limb of duodenum

296
Q

Where is bile stored

A

-gallbladder

297
Q

Blood supply of the liver

A

-hepatic artery
-hepatic portal vein

298
Q

Innervation of the liver

A

-parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve
-sympathetic innervation from greater splanchnic nerves

299
Q

What shape is the gall bladder

A

-pear shaped

300
Q

Parts of the gallbladder

A

-fundus
-body
-neck

301
Q

Blood supply of the gallbladder

A

-cystic artery

302
Q

Drainage of blood from the gallbladder

A

-cystic veins

303
Q

Innervation of the gallbladder

A

-celiac plexus
-vagus nerves

304
Q

Pancreas classification

A

-retroperitoneal

305
Q

Location of the pancreas

A

-posterior to greater curvature of the stomach

306
Q

4 major regions of the pancreas

A

-head
-neck
-body
-tail

307
Q

Ducts of the pancreas

A

-pancreatic duct
-accessory duct

308
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

-joins the bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

309
Q

Accessory duct

A

-empties into duodenum

310
Q

Blood supply of the pancreas

A

-superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
-plenic and superior mesenteric arteries

311
Q

Drainage of blood from the pancreas

A

-hepatic portal vein

312
Q

Innervation of the pancreas

A

-celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses

313
Q

Structures of the urinary system

A

-2 kidneys
-2 ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra

314
Q

Shape of the kidneys

A

-kidney bean shaped

315
Q

Kidney location

A

-just above the waist between the peritoneum and posterior abdominal wall
-between T12-L3 on left side and between L1-L4 on the right side

316
Q

Protection of the kidneys

A

-ribs 11 and 12

317
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower

A

-right kidney is lower than left kidney

318
Q

Hilum of the kidney

A

-allows passage of ureter, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

319
Q

3 layers of protective tissue of the kidney

A

-renal capsule
-perirenal fat capsule
-renal fascia

320
Q

Renal capsule

A

-inner layer
-dense irregular connective tissue that serves as a barrier against trauma

321
Q

Perirenal fat capsule

A

-intermediate layer
-protects and insulates the kidney

322
Q

Renal fascia

A

-outer layer
-anchors the kidney to surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

323
Q

Regions of the kidney

A

-renal cortex
-renal medulla

324
Q

Renal cortex

A

-outer light red layer

325
Q

Renal medulla

A

-inner dark red-brown region

326
Q

Renal pyramids

A

-in the renal medulla

327
Q

Renal papillae

A

-apexes of the renal pyramids

328
Q

Nephrons

A

-functional unit of the kidney
-produce urine

329
Q

Pathway of urine

A

-filtrate from nephrons drains into papillary ducts and onwards to minor and major calyces
-these deliver urine into renal pelvis and the urine exits kidney by flowing into ureter

330
Q

Renal sinus

A

-cavity in the kidney that accomodates renal pelvis and calyces

331
Q

Blood supply of the kidneys

A

-right and left renal arteries
-right and left renal veins

332
Q

Innervation of the kidneys

A

-celiac and aorticorenal ganglia
-renal plexus

333
Q

Ureter function

A

-transport urine into the urinary bladder

334
Q

What allows transport of urine by the ureters

A

-peristaltic waves
-hydrostatic pressure
-gravity

335
Q

Ureters classification

A

-retroperitoneal

336
Q

Blood supply of the ureters

A

-renal arteries
-testicular/ovarian arteries
-common iliac arteries
-inferior vesical arteries

337
Q

Innervation of the ureters

A

-renal plexuses

338
Q

Urinary bladder location

A

-located in pelvic cavity posterior to pubic symphysis
-in males, anterior to rectum
-in females, anterior to vagina and inferior to uterus

339
Q

Do males or females have a smaller bladder capacity

A

-females

340
Q

Trigone

A

-triangle shaped area at floor of urinary bladder

341
Q

Urethral openings

A

-2 posterior corners of the urinary bladder

342
Q

Internal urethral orfice

A

-anterior corner
-opening into urethra

343
Q

3 layers of the urinary bladder

A

-inner mucosa
-intermediate detrusor muscle (muscular layer)
-outer layer

344
Q

Inner mucosa layer of the urinary bladder

A

-this permits bladder to inflate and deflate to accommodate varied urine volumes

345
Q

Intermediate detrusor muscle (muscular layer) of the urinary bladder layers

A

-inner longitudinal layer
-middle circular layer
-outer longitudinal layer

346
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

-circular fibres around opening to urethra

347
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

-skeletal muscle
-inferior to internal urethral sphincter

348
Q

Outer layer of urinary bladder

A

-advetitia on posterior and inferior surfaces
-serosa on superior surface

349
Q

Micturition

A

-how urine is expelled
-involuntary and voluntary muscle contractions

350
Q

Blood supply of the urinary bladder

A

-superior, middle and inferior vesical arteries

351
Q

Drainage from the urinary bladder

A

-internal iliac vein

352
Q

Innervation of the urinary bladder

A

-hypogastric sympathetic plexus
-2 and 3 sacral nerves

353
Q

Urethra

A

-small tube leading from internal urethral orifice in the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior

354
Q

Urethra location in females

A

-posterior to pubic symphysis
-embedded in anterior wall of vagina

355
Q

External urethral orifice location in females

A

-between clitoris and vaginal opening

356
Q

Layers of female urethra

A

-deep mucosa
-superficial muscular layer

357
Q

3 regions of the male urethra

A

-prostatic urethra
-intermediate urethra
-spongy urethra

358
Q

Layers of the male urethra

A

-deep mucosa
-superficial muscular layer

359
Q

Openings of the male urethra

A

-prostatic urethra openings
-spongy urethra openings

360
Q

Prostatic urethra openings function

A

-deliver secretions from the prostate and the 2 seminal glands
-delivers sperm from the ductus vas deferens

361
Q

Spongy urethra openings function

A

-ducts from bulborethral glands transports both urine and semen

362
Q

Greater false pelvis

A

-superior to the pelvic inlet

363
Q

Lesser true pelvis

A

-between pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet

364
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

-bounded by linea terminalis
-formed by pubic symphysis and pubic crest, pectineal line and arcuate line of ileum

365
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

-bounded by pubic symphysis, inferior rami of pubis and ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligaments and tip of coccyx

366
Q

Pelvic diaphragm parts

A

-levator ani
-coccygeus muscles

367
Q

Levator ani

A

-arises from pubic bone, ischial spine and tendinous arch of levator ani muscle

368
Q

Levator ani fibres divisions

A

-puborectalis muscle
-pubococcygeal muscle
-iliococcygeal muscle

369
Q

Urogenital hiatus

A

-allows passage of urethra and genital canal

370
Q

Rectal hiatus

A

-allows passage of rectum

371
Q

Levator ani function

A

-control intra-abdominal pressure
-bears the weight of pelvic contents
-participates in closure of the rectum

372
Q

Innervation of levator ani

A

-sacral plexus

373
Q

Ligaments of the pelvic wall

A

-sacrospinous
-sacrotuberous

374
Q

Functions of the ligaments of the pelvic wall

A

-stabilize sacrum on the pelvic bones by resisting upward tilt

375
Q

Sacrospinous ligament

A

-origin: ischial spine
-insertion: sacrum and coccyx

376
Q

Sacrotuberous ligament

A

-origin: PSIS, sacrum, coccyx
-insertion: ischial tuberosity

377
Q

Greater sciatic foramen

A

-lies superior to the sacrotuberous ligament and ischial spine

378
Q

Lesser sciatic foramen

A

-lies inferior to ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament

379
Q

Obturator foramen

A

-has obturator canal at the top which is bordered by obturator membrane

380
Q

Muscles of the pelvic wall

A

-obturator internus and piriformis

381
Q

Obturator internus and piriformis

A

-origin: pelvic cavity
-insertion: femur

382
Q

3 parts of the hip bone

A

-pubis
-ilium
-ischium

383
Q

Parts of the pubis

A

-body
-superior ramus
-inferior ramus

384
Q

Parts of the ilium

A

-body
-iliac wing

385
Q

Parts of the ischium

A

-body
-ramus of the ischium

386
Q

Perineal region divisions

A

-urogenital triangle
-anal triangle

387
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

-anterior portion
-bounded by interischial line

388
Q

Perineal membrane

A

-seals the urogenital triangle

389
Q

Muscles of the perineal membrane

A

-bulbospongiosus
-ischiocavernosus
-transversus perineal muscles

390
Q

Perineal membrane muscles innervation

A

-pudendal nerves

391
Q

Ischiorectal fossa

A

-lies between urogenital diaphagm and pelvic diaphragm

392
Q

Contents of the ischiorectal fossa

A

-abdominal fat
-pudendal artery, vein and nerve
-inferior rectal nerve and artery

393
Q

Perineal body

A

-fibromuscular mass
-located between the 2 triangles

394
Q

Muscles attached to the perineal body

A

-external anal sphincter
-bulbospongiosus
-transverse perineal muscles

395
Q

Testis function

A

-sperm production

396
Q

Testis location

A

-in the scrotum

397
Q

Epididymis

A

-highly coiled tube attached to posterior surface of each testis

398
Q

Parts of the epididymis

A

-head
-body
-tail

399
Q

Which part of the epididymis is continuous with the vas deferens

A

-tail

400
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A

-comprises the spermatic cord

401
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

-where ductus deferens terminates and joins the duct of the seminal vesicles

402
Q

What is the most distal structure of the male reproductive canal

A

-urethra

403
Q

Urethra function

A

-expels urine and sperm

404
Q

3 major accessory glands of male reproductive system

A

-seminal vesicles
-prostate glands
-bulborethral glands

405
Q

3 parts of the penis

A

-root
-body
-glans

406
Q

Root of the penis

A

-attaches penis to perineum
-contains bulb of he penis
-contains paired crus of penis

407
Q

2 erectile tissues of the body of the penis

A

-corpus spongiosum
-corpora cavernosa

408
Q

Outermost internal female sex organ

A

-vagina

409
Q

Where is vagina located

A

-posterior to urinary bladder and urethra
-anterior to rectum

410
Q

Vaginal fornix

A

-formed from vagina and cervix

411
Q

Vaginal orifice

A

-opens into vaginal vestibule

412
Q

Blood supply of the vagina

A

-internal iliac artery

413
Q

Innervation of the vagina

A

-inferior hypogastric plexus
-pelvic splanchnic nerves

414
Q

3 parts of the uterus

A

-body
-cervix
-pouches

415
Q

Body of the uterus

A

-main part
-connected to fallopian tubes
-has a base and an internal chamber

416
Q

Cervix

A

-internal portion of the uterus
-has 2 openings
-cervical canal

417
Q

Pouches of the uterus

A

-rectouterine pouch
-vesicouterine pouch

418
Q

Peritoneal ligaments of the uterus

A

-broad ligament
-round ligament

419
Q

Broad ligament of the uterus parts

A

-mesometrium
-mesovarium

420
Q

Blood supply of the uterus

A

-uterine artery

421
Q

Normal pelvic orientation

A

-anteverted anteflexed posture

422
Q

Anal columns

A

-series of longitudinal ridges of the rectum

423
Q

Anorectal juction

A

-border between rectum and anal canal

424
Q

Anal valves

A

-inferior ends of anal canals

425
Q

Anal sinuses

A

-recesses of the anal columns

426
Q

Pectinate line

A

-indicates junction of the superior and inferior part of the anal canal

427
Q

Innervation of the rectum

A

-rectal plexus

428
Q

Blood supply of the rectum

A

superior and inferior rectal artery

429
Q

Drainage of the rectum

A

-external and internal rectal venous plexuses

430
Q

Anal canal

A

-terminaton of the large intestine

431
Q

Anorectal flexure

A

-where the rectum narrows

432
Q

Supply of the internal iliac artery

A

-pelvic wall and organs
-gluteal region
-thigh

433
Q

Branches of the internal iliac artery

A

-parietal branches
-visceral branches

434
Q

Supply of the external iliac artery

A

-lower limb
-muscles
-lower abdominal wall

435
Q

Branches of external iliac artery

A

-inferior epigastric
-deep circumflex iliac arteries

436
Q

Veins of the pelvis

A

-internal iliac artery

ANAT 316 (4 decks)

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