Chapter 4 - Grape Growing

Question 1

how long can vine plant live

Answer 1

60 years or more

Question 2

where does the vine species originate from which is used in the vast majority of instances to make wines

Answer 2

Europe

Question 3

What five things does a vine need

Answer 3

warmth, sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and nutrients

Question 4

What affect does sunlight have on the vine

Answer 4

combine carbon dioxide gas, which is taken in by leaves and water taken in by roots to produce sugar

Question 5

3 parts of a grape

Answer 5

Skins
stems and seed
Pulp

Question 6

What does the grape skin contain

Answer 6

Tannin and colour

Question 7

Seeds and stems contain

Answer 7

high level of tannins

makes wine bitter when handled roughly during winemaking

Question 8

what is the pulp made of

Answer 8

water and sugar.

also contains acids and sugars

Question 9

what gives red wine its colour

Answer 9

the skins of black grapes

Question 10

Photosynthesis - equation

Answer 10

water + carbon dioxide + sunlight = sugar

Question 11

What pollinates vines

Answer 11

Wind

Question 12

4 stages Grape formation and ripening + season

Answer 12

Flowering ( Spring )
Fruit ( Spring / summer )
Veraison ( mid summer )
Ripening ( autumn )

Question 13

Explain Veraison

Answer 13

point at which grapes start to lose their dark green colour

Question 14

grapes at the start of the ripening process

Answer 14

very high levels of acid, hardly any sugar, unattractive herbaceous flavour

Question 15

during ripening the flavor of green grapes changes from … to …

Answer 15

aromas and flavors change from green fruit to stone fruit

Question 16

during ripening the flavor of BLACK grapes changes from … to …

Answer 16

fresh fruit to cooked fruit

Question 17

What other changes happens to black grapes in the ripening process

Answer 17

Chemical compounds - Tannins - develop in the skins

Question 18

why do grapes turn into raising after extra ripening

Answer 18

because water content in the grape evaporates

Question 19

what are extra ripe grapes used for

Answer 19

to make sweet wines due to high sugar levels

Question 20

Botrytis - other word for it and what is it

Answer 20

Botrytis is a fungus

also known as Noble Rot

Question 21

Ideal conditions for noble rot

Answer 21

damp and misty morning to allow growth of fungus

followed by warm and dry afternoons, to limit the growth

Question 22

Frozen grapes are used to make

Answer 22

Icewine / Eiswein - frozen / frost / ice

Question 23

When are frozen grapes picked

Answer 23

late autumn / early winter after the first frost

Question 24

Growing season in the norther hemisphere

Answer 24

April to October

Question 25

Growing season in the southern hemisphere

Answer 25

October to April

Question 26

why is temperature important for growing grapes

Answer 26

Determines what varieties can grow, as well as the flavours

Question 27

cool climate - characteristics of wine / temperature

Answer 27

16.5C average temperature Less alcohol & tannin More Acid and lighter body

Question 28

Moderate climate - temperature

Answer 28

16.5C-18.5C average temperature

Question 29

Warm climate - characteristics of wine / temperature

Answer 29

18.5C to 21C average temperature more alcohol & Tannin Fuller body, less acidic

Question 30

most vineyards are between which latitude fromt he equator

Answer 30

30 and 50 from the equator // north and south

Question 31

Regions in warm climates close to sea benefit from ..

Answer 31

a moderating influence. cooled by the ocean

Question 32

effect of rivers

Answer 32

are warmer in autumn and extend the growing season | reflect sunlight

Question 33

effects of air

Answer 33

moderating effect on the climate ( cool down and warm up )

Question 34

effects of clouds

Answer 34

block out sunlight - grapes take longer to ripen

Question 35

effects of mist

Answer 35

in autumn are essential to develop botrytis / noble rot

Question 36

effects of fog

Answer 36

cools down a vineyard. Has a moderating effect in warm climates

Question 37

effects of mountains

Answer 37

act as a barrier - sheltering vineyards

Question 38

Slope / aspect

Answer 38

If a vineyard is further from the equator and planted facing the equator it will receive more heat / sunlight

Question 39

cool vintages - effects

Answer 39

slower to ripen, high acid levels, low sugars

Question 40

hot vintage - effects

Answer 40

uncharacteristic dried fruit aromas can develop or sun damage

Question 41

Drought effects

Answer 41

vine unable to ripen

Question 42

high level of rain - effects

Answer 42

aid fungal diseases | close to harvest: grapes dilute their flavours - too much moisture

Question 43

Training and pruning

Answer 43

trained on trellises | pruned to retain their required shape

Question 44

Explain yield

Answer 44

measure of the number of grapes produced per unit of area

Question 45

Grapes from early harvest - characteristics

Answer 45

lower levels of sugar, higher levels of acid | likely to have more herbaceous flavours

Question 46

Grapes from late harvest - characteristics

Answer 46

higher levels of sugar, lower levels of acid | likely to have riper flavours