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Psych 104 > Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

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2
Q

Behaviour

A

An organism’s actions in response to some stimulus

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3
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity. How stuff is passed on from parent to offspring

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4
Q

Genotype

A

A person’s specific genetic makeup

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5
Q

Multiple genes for eye colour would be an example of a..

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics

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7
Q

Height, tanning, and a person’s accent would be examples of a..

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

Person 1: __ chromosomes
Person 2: __ chromosomes
You: __ chromosomes
_______ of chromosomes
X X
A _____ on _____ chromosome

A

23
23
46
One pair
Gene, each

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9
Q

What else do genes do?

A

They Code for the production of Proteins

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10
Q

What will happen if a gene in a pair is Dominant?

A

The characteristic it controls will be displayed

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11
Q

What will happen if a gene in a pair is recessive?

A

The characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive

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12
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene

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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

Lasting changes in gene expression during development that are not caused by the genes themselves

Some internal effect can change your genes

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14
Q

If you inherited a _______ allele from your father, you have the..

A

Wild type
the Original (unmutated) version of the gene (e.g. brown eyes)

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15
Q

If you inherited a _____ allele from your mother, you have the..

A

Mutant
Modified version of the gene (e.g. blue eyes)

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16
Q

Recombinant DNA Procedures

A
  • Use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
  • Combine with DNA of another organism
  • Insert combined DNA into host cell
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17
Q

Gene Knockout Procedure

A

Alter a specific gene so it cannot function

18
Q

Problems with Gene Knockout Procedure

A

• Few behaviours linked to single genes
• Multiple genes and systems can be involved

19
Q

Behaviour Genetics

A

The study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour
• CRISPR
• Recombinant DNA & Gene Knockout procedures

20
Q

Adoption Studies

A

• Start with a person who was adopted at a young age
• Compare characteristic(s) with both biological and adoptive parents

21
Q

Twin Studies

A

• Monozygotic and dizygotic twins share differing amounts of genetic material

• Hard to tell environmental effects from genetic effects (same environment)

22
Q

Heredity of Intelligence

A

If intelligence is genetically determined, people with the same genes would have equal IQs

• In reality, genes account for 50 - 70%

23
Q

Reaction Range

A

Range of possibilities that genetic code allows
• Inherit range for potential expression
• Environmental effects determine where person falls within these limits

24
Q

Personality Traits

A
  • The “big five”
    • Extraversion - Introversion
    • Agreeableness (cooperative & helpful vs. unhelpful)
    • Conscientiousness (responsible and dependable vs. irresponsible & undependable)
    • Neuroticism (anxious & emotionally unstable vs. calmness)
    • Openness (to new experiences vs. being disinterested)
25
Q

Social Adaptations in Humans

A

• Innate ability to acquire language • Responsiveness to human faces
• Group-seeking behavior
• Some universal emotions (e.g. smiling = happiness)

26
Q

Evolutionary Personality Theory

A

Limited dimensions to personality.

• These dimensions are universal
• Extraversion, emotional stability (neuroticism)…
• Exist because they facilitate core behaviours
• E.g., survival, reproduction

27
Q

Openness helps with..

A

Problem solving and looking at problems creatively

28
Q

Conscientiousness and agreeableness help with..

A

Reproduction and care of children

29
Q

5 questions we ask ourselves (consciously or unconsciously) when we interact with someone

A
  1. Is Person X ACTIVE and DOMINANT or PASSIVE and SUBMISSIVE? Can I dominate Person X or will I have to submit to him?
  2. Is X AGREEABLE and FRIENDLY, or HOSTILE and UNCOOPERATIVE?
  3. Can I count on X? Is X CONSCIENTIOUS and DEPENDABLE?
  4. Is X SANE or CRAZY
  5. How SMART is X, and how quickly can he learn and adapt?
30
Q

Parental Investment

A

Time, effort, energy, risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring
• Humans invest a lot in a small number of offspring

31
Q

Cooperation

A

One individual helps another and gains some advantage

32
Q

Altruism

A

One individual helps another but there are costs involved

33
Q

What does Kin Selection Theory and Reciprocal __ Theory stem from?

A

Altruism

34
Q

Kin Selection Theory

A

Arose to increase likelihood of relatives surviving

35
Q

What should we see if the Kin Selection Theory is true?

A

POSITIVE relationship between acts of altruism and degree of relatedness

36
Q

Reciprocal Altruism Theory

A

Contributes to long-term cooperation.
Why we offer assistance and do not

37
Q

If the Reciprocal Selection theory is true, then what would we see?

A

Individuals should remember how someone has and has not helped in the past
• Does not require relatedness

38
Q

Why may Aggression have evolved towards?

A

• Protect one’s mate, young, territory, food
• take another’s resources
• gain access to new resources

39
Q

In social animals, what can individuals recognize?

A

Individuals and remember past encounters

40
Q

Important part in decreasing aggression and defending position

A

Dominance hierarchies

41
Q

Thought pitfalls in evolution

A
  • Scientific issues (evidence, evolutionary psychology)
  • Genetic determinism (genes are invariant and there are unavoidable effects that cannot be altered; genes are our DESTINY)
  • Social Darwinism (top of the social ladder has the best individuals)
42
Q

Evolution is..

A

Mostly random, and does not have a plan or goal

Psych 104 (3 decks)

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