Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Compound that protects endospore DNA

Answer 1

dipicolinic acid (DPA)

Question 2

What is a teichoic acid consist of?

Answer 2

An alcohol and a phosphate

Question 3

Spheroplast and protoplasts are more susceptible to what?

Answer 3

Osmotic challenges including lysis

Question 4

What dye is used to stain non acid fast bacteria?

Answer 4

Methylene blue

Question 5

What triggers germination in endospores?

Answer 5

High heat and germinants such as alanine and inosine

Question 6

What dye is used in endospore staining? Why is heat used?

Answer 6

Schaffer-Fulton endospore stain (malachite green). Heat is used to penetrate the cell wall

Question 7

These membrane fold were thought to be important structures but they are actually just artifacts from staining

Answer 7

mesosomes

Question 8

Vacuoles used for buoyancy in bacteria

Answer 8

Gas vacuoles

Question 9

A common lipid storage material found in bacteria

Answer 9

poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 10

What does fluid mosaic mean in plasma membranes?

Answer 10

The membranes can move and are not a rigid shell

Question 11

What do you call a gram negative cell that survives lysozyme damage?

Answer 11

spheroplast

Question 12

Name some extended spectrum penicillin and what are they effective against?

Answer 12

Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, medocillin, and piperacillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria

Question 13

Penicillin is ineffective against what gram bacteria?

Answer 13

Gram negative bacteria

Question 14

What disease does mycoplasma cause and what makes it special with antibiotics?

Answer 14

Mycoplasma cause mycoplasma pneumonia. This bacteria has no cell wall so antibiotics that target cell walls are ineffective

Question 15

Inclusion of iron oxide

Answer 15

Magnetosomes

Question 16

Sudan dyes are used to dye these inclusions

Answer 16

Lipid inclusions

Question 17

What are polysaccharide granules and what color do they stain?

Answer 17

Inclusions that typically consist of glycogen and starch. In the presence of iodine, glycogen stains reddish brown and starch stains blue

Question 18

These structures give cells shape and aid in growth and cell division

Answer 18

cytoskeleton

Question 19

Circular DNA that usually doesn’t have genes for daily survival but resistances

Answer 19

Plasmid

Question 20

What are lysozymes?

Answer 20

Digestive enzymes that can damage prokaryotic cell walls

Question 21

Volutin and stain color

Answer 21

A reserve of inorganic phosphates that can be used in ATP synthesis found in prokaryotic cells. These inclusions sometimes stain red with methylene blue

Question 22

Some bacteria can lose cell walls naturally, by penicillin or lysozymes and continue to live, divide repeatedly or return to a walled state. What are they called?

Answer 22

L forms

Question 23

What is volutin used to diagnose?

Answer 23

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Question 24

What is the difference between peripheral proteins and integral proteins?

Answer 24

Peripheral proteins are on the surface of the bilayer and can be easily removed while integral proteins usually penetrate the entire bilayer and will disrupt the membrane if removed

Question 25

Two examples of bacteria that have carboxysomes

Answer 25

nitrifying bacteria and cyanobacteria

Question 26

How are pseudomureins different from peptidoglycans?

Answer 26

Pseudomureins contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM and lack D amino acids found in prokaryotes

Question 27

7500 year old Endospores from this bacteria were successfully germinated

Answer 27

T. vulgaris

Question 28

group translocation

Answer 28

In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

Question 29

What bacteria are identified by acid fast staining?

Answer 29

All Mycobacterium and pathogenic species of Nocardia

Question 30

Specialized dormant cells of certain bacteria

Answer 30

Endospores

Question 31

Lysozymes are constituents of what?

Answer 31

human tears, saliva, mucous, perspiration, milk and chicken egg whites

Question 32

What color do archae stain and why?

Answer 32

Archae tend to stain dark purple like gram-negative because they don't contain peptidoglycan

Question 33

What are the two types of teichoic acid?

Answer 33

Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

Question 34

Lipids attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

Answer 34

Glycolipids

Question 35

This group of antibiotics cause leakage of intracellular contents and cell death

Answer 35

polymyxins

Question 36

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids purpose on plasma membranes? Give an example of their purpose

Answer 36

They allow for cell to cell communication. Glycoproteins play a role in disease because toxins of certain bacteria bind to glycoproteins first.

Question 37

What are gram variable cells?

Answer 37

gram-positive cells that sometimes give a gram-negative response

Question 38

What is the acid in cell wall of gram positive bacteria called?

Answer 38

Teichoic acid

Question 39

How do lysozymes damage gram positive bacteria?

Answer 39

They catalyze hydrolysis of the bonds between sugars in backbone of peptidoglycan

Question 40

How are Archae different from prokaryotes?

Answer 40

They lack cell walls or have walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins instead of peptidoglycans

Question 41

Inclusion found in mycobacterium, Bacillus, and Azotobacter

Answer 41

Lipid inclusions

Question 42

What are two species that are gram variable?

Answer 42

Bacillus and Clestridium

Question 43

Name some B-lactam antibiotics and what are they effective against?

Answer 43

Amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria

Question 44

Proteins attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

Answer 44

Glycoproteins

Question 45

what is an inclusion?

Answer 45

reserve deposits found with the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

Question 46

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins? How are they similar?

Answer 46

Exotoxins are molecules secreted by bacteria while endotoxins are parts of bacteria released when the cells die. They both can cause disease

Question 47

If gram positive cells lose the cell wall from lysozymes but remain intact what are they called?

Answer 47

protoplasts

Question 48

Enzyme used by carbon fixation bacteria

Answer 48

1,5-diphosphate carboxylase

Question 49

What is mycolic acid?

Answer 49

A waxy hydrophobic lipid that prevents uptake of dyes used in gram staining

Question 50

Sulfur containing compound inclusions found in Acidithiobacillus

Answer 50

Sulfur granules

Question 51

What dye is used in acid fast staining? Why do they heat the dye?

Answer 51

Carbolfushin. It needs heat to penetrate cell wall and enter cytoplasm

Question 52

What is the gel-like fluid in the pleriplasmic space of gram negative bacteria?

Answer 52

Periplasm