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Microbiology > Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Compound that protects endospore DNA

A

dipicolinic acid (DPA)

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2
Q

What is a teichoic acid consist of?

A

An alcohol and a phosphate

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3
Q

Spheroplast and protoplasts are more susceptible to what?

A

Osmotic challenges including lysis

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4
Q

What dye is used to stain non acid fast bacteria?

A

Methylene blue

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5
Q

What triggers germination in endospores?

A

High heat and germinants such as alanine and inosine

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6
Q

What dye is used in endospore staining? Why is heat used?

A

Schaffer-Fulton endospore stain (malachite green). Heat is used to penetrate the cell wall

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7
Q

These membrane fold were thought to be important structures but they are actually just artifacts from staining

A

mesosomes

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8
Q

Vacuoles used for buoyancy in bacteria

A

Gas vacuoles

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9
Q

A common lipid storage material found in bacteria

A

poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid

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10
Q

What does fluid mosaic mean in plasma membranes?

A

The membranes can move and are not a rigid shell

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11
Q

What do you call a gram negative cell that survives lysozyme damage?

A

spheroplast

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12
Q

Name some extended spectrum penicillin and what are they effective against?

A

Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, medocillin, and piperacillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria

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13
Q

Penicillin is ineffective against what gram bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria

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14
Q

What disease does mycoplasma cause and what makes it special with antibiotics?

A

Mycoplasma cause mycoplasma pneumonia. This bacteria has no cell wall so antibiotics that target cell walls are ineffective

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15
Q

Inclusion of iron oxide

A

Magnetosomes

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16
Q

Sudan dyes are used to dye these inclusions

A

Lipid inclusions

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17
Q

What are polysaccharide granules and what color do they stain?

A

Inclusions that typically consist of glycogen and starch. In the presence of iodine, glycogen stains reddish brown and starch stains blue

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18
Q

These structures give cells shape and aid in growth and cell division

A

cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Circular DNA that usually doesn’t have genes for daily survival but resistances

A

Plasmid

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20
Q

What are lysozymes?

A

Digestive enzymes that can damage prokaryotic cell walls

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21
Q

Volutin and stain color

A

A reserve of inorganic phosphates that can be used in ATP synthesis found in prokaryotic cells. These inclusions sometimes stain red with methylene blue

22
Q

Some bacteria can lose cell walls naturally, by penicillin or lysozymes and continue to live, divide repeatedly or return to a walled state. What are they called?

A

L forms

23
Q

What is volutin used to diagnose?

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

24
Q

What is the difference between peripheral proteins and integral proteins?

A

Peripheral proteins are on the surface of the bilayer and can be easily removed while integral proteins usually penetrate the entire bilayer and will disrupt the membrane if removed

25
Q

Two examples of bacteria that have carboxysomes

A

nitrifying bacteria and cyanobacteria

26
Q

How are pseudomureins different from peptidoglycans?

A

Pseudomureins contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM and lack D amino acids found in prokaryotes

27
Q

7500 year old Endospores from this bacteria were successfully germinated

A

T. vulgaris

28
Q

group translocation

A

In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane

29
Q

What bacteria are identified by acid fast staining?

A

All Mycobacterium and pathogenic species of Nocardia

30
Q

Specialized dormant cells of certain bacteria

A

Endospores

31
Q

Lysozymes are constituents of what?

A

human tears, saliva, mucous, perspiration, milk and chicken egg whites

32
Q

What color do archae stain and why?

A

Archae tend to stain dark purple like gram-negative because they don’t contain peptidoglycan

33
Q

What are the two types of teichoic acid?

A

Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid

34
Q

Lipids attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

A

Glycolipids

35
Q

This group of antibiotics cause leakage of intracellular contents and cell death

A

polymyxins

36
Q

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids purpose on plasma membranes? Give an example of their purpose

A

They allow for cell to cell communication. Glycoproteins play a role in disease because toxins of certain bacteria bind to glycoproteins first.

37
Q

What are gram variable cells?

A

gram-positive cells that sometimes give a gram-negative response

38
Q

What is the acid in cell wall of gram positive bacteria called?

A

Teichoic acid

39
Q

How do lysozymes damage gram positive bacteria?

A

They catalyze hydrolysis of the bonds between sugars in backbone of peptidoglycan

40
Q

How are Archae different from prokaryotes?

A

They lack cell walls or have walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins instead of peptidoglycans

41
Q

Inclusion found in mycobacterium, Bacillus, and Azotobacter

A

Lipid inclusions

42
Q

What are two species that are gram variable?

A

Bacillus and Clestridium

43
Q

Name some B-lactam antibiotics and what are they effective against?

A

Amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria

44
Q

Proteins attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane

A

Glycoproteins

45
Q

what is an inclusion?

A

reserve deposits found with the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

46
Q

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins? How are they similar?

A

Exotoxins are molecules secreted by bacteria while endotoxins are parts of bacteria released when the cells die. They both can cause disease

47
Q

If gram positive cells lose the cell wall from lysozymes but remain intact what are they called?

A

protoplasts

48
Q

Enzyme used by carbon fixation bacteria

A

1,5-diphosphate carboxylase

49
Q

What is mycolic acid?

A

A waxy hydrophobic lipid that prevents uptake of dyes used in gram staining

50
Q

Sulfur containing compound inclusions found in Acidithiobacillus

A

Sulfur granules

51
Q

What dye is used in acid fast staining? Why do they heat the dye?

A

Carbolfushin. It needs heat to penetrate cell wall and enter cytoplasm

52
Q

What is the gel-like fluid in the pleriplasmic space of gram negative bacteria?

A

Periplasm

Microbiology (4 decks)

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