Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Compound that protects endospore DNA
dipicolinic acid (DPA)
What is a teichoic acid consist of?
An alcohol and a phosphate
Spheroplast and protoplasts are more susceptible to what?
Osmotic challenges including lysis
What dye is used to stain non acid fast bacteria?
Methylene blue
What triggers germination in endospores?
High heat and germinants such as alanine and inosine
What dye is used in endospore staining? Why is heat used?
Schaffer-Fulton endospore stain (malachite green). Heat is used to penetrate the cell wall
These membrane fold were thought to be important structures but they are actually just artifacts from staining
mesosomes
Vacuoles used for buoyancy in bacteria
Gas vacuoles
A common lipid storage material found in bacteria
poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid
What does fluid mosaic mean in plasma membranes?
The membranes can move and are not a rigid shell
What do you call a gram negative cell that survives lysozyme damage?
spheroplast
Name some extended spectrum penicillin and what are they effective against?
Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, medocillin, and piperacillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria
Penicillin is ineffective against what gram bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria
What disease does mycoplasma cause and what makes it special with antibiotics?
Mycoplasma cause mycoplasma pneumonia. This bacteria has no cell wall so antibiotics that target cell walls are ineffective
Inclusion of iron oxide
Magnetosomes
Sudan dyes are used to dye these inclusions
Lipid inclusions
What are polysaccharide granules and what color do they stain?
Inclusions that typically consist of glycogen and starch. In the presence of iodine, glycogen stains reddish brown and starch stains blue
These structures give cells shape and aid in growth and cell division
cytoskeleton
Circular DNA that usually doesn’t have genes for daily survival but resistances
Plasmid
What are lysozymes?
Digestive enzymes that can damage prokaryotic cell walls
Volutin and stain color
A reserve of inorganic phosphates that can be used in ATP synthesis found in prokaryotic cells. These inclusions sometimes stain red with methylene blue
Some bacteria can lose cell walls naturally, by penicillin or lysozymes and continue to live, divide repeatedly or return to a walled state. What are they called?
L forms
What is volutin used to diagnose?
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae
What is the difference between peripheral proteins and integral proteins?
Peripheral proteins are on the surface of the bilayer and can be easily removed while integral proteins usually penetrate the entire bilayer and will disrupt the membrane if removed
Two examples of bacteria that have carboxysomes
nitrifying bacteria and cyanobacteria
How are pseudomureins different from peptidoglycans?
Pseudomureins contains N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM and lack D amino acids found in prokaryotes
7500 year old Endospores from this bacteria were successfully germinated
T. vulgaris
group translocation
In prokaryotes, active transport in which a substance is chemically altered during transport across the plasma membrane
What bacteria are identified by acid fast staining?
All Mycobacterium and pathogenic species of Nocardia
Specialized dormant cells of certain bacteria
Endospores
Lysozymes are constituents of what?
human tears, saliva, mucous, perspiration, milk and chicken egg whites
What color do archae stain and why?
Archae tend to stain dark purple like gram-negative because they don’t contain peptidoglycan
What are the two types of teichoic acid?
Lipoteichoic acid and wall teichoic acid
Lipids attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane
Glycolipids
This group of antibiotics cause leakage of intracellular contents and cell death
polymyxins
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids purpose on plasma membranes? Give an example of their purpose
They allow for cell to cell communication. Glycoproteins play a role in disease because toxins of certain bacteria bind to glycoproteins first.
What are gram variable cells?
gram-positive cells that sometimes give a gram-negative response
What is the acid in cell wall of gram positive bacteria called?
Teichoic acid
How do lysozymes damage gram positive bacteria?
They catalyze hydrolysis of the bonds between sugars in backbone of peptidoglycan
How are Archae different from prokaryotes?
They lack cell walls or have walls composed of polysaccharides and proteins instead of peptidoglycans
Inclusion found in mycobacterium, Bacillus, and Azotobacter
Lipid inclusions
What are two species that are gram variable?
Bacillus and Clestridium
Name some B-lactam antibiotics and what are they effective against?
Amoxicillin, ampicillin, bacampicillin. They are effective against gram negative bacteria
Proteins attached to carbohydrates on the outer surface of plasma membrane
Glycoproteins
what is an inclusion?
reserve deposits found with the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins? How are they similar?
Exotoxins are molecules secreted by bacteria while endotoxins are parts of bacteria released when the cells die. They both can cause disease
If gram positive cells lose the cell wall from lysozymes but remain intact what are they called?
protoplasts
Enzyme used by carbon fixation bacteria
1,5-diphosphate carboxylase
What is mycolic acid?
A waxy hydrophobic lipid that prevents uptake of dyes used in gram staining
Sulfur containing compound inclusions found in Acidithiobacillus
Sulfur granules
What dye is used in acid fast staining? Why do they heat the dye?
Carbolfushin. It needs heat to penetrate cell wall and enter cytoplasm
What is the gel-like fluid in the pleriplasmic space of gram negative bacteria?
Periplasm
