Chapter 4: Formation

Question 1

joiners and loners

Answer 1

personal

Question 2

affiliation

Answer 2

situational

Question 3

attraction

Answer 3

interpersonal

Question 4

A conceptual model of the primary dimensions that underlie individual differences in personality

Answer 4

Big Five theory of Personality

Question 5

are oriented primarily toward inner perceptions and judgments of concepts and ideas

Answer 5

introverts

Question 6

oriented primarily toward social experiences influential determinant of group behavior

Answer 6

extro/averts

Question 7

the degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize, and facilitate establishing and maintaining, connections to others

Answer 7

relationality

Question 8

The strength of social motives, such as the need for affiliation, the need for intimacy, and the need for power also predict one’s group-joining proclivities.

Answer 8

social motives

Question 9

The dispositional tendency to seek out others.

Answer 9

need for affiliation

Question 10

The dispositional tendency to seek warm, positive relationships with others

Answer 10

need for intimacy

Question 11

the dispositional tendency to seek control over things organizing and initiating activities, assuming responsibility, and attempting to persuade others

Answer 11

need for power

Question 12

A feeling of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or actually interacting with other people.

Answer 12

Social anxiety

Question 13

One’s characteristic approach to relationships with other people; the basic styles include secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing, as defined by the dimensions of anxiety and avoidance.

Answer 13

Attachment style

Question 14

high anxiety + high avoidance =?

Answer 14

fearful

Question 15

high avoidance + low anxiety = ?

Answer 15

dismissing

Question 16

high anxiety + low avoidance = ?

Answer 16

preoccupied

Question 17

low avoidance + low anxiety = ?

Answer 17

secure

Question 18

Evaluating the accuracy of personal beliefs and attitudes by comparing oneself to others

Answer 18

social comparison

Question 19

assumes that people seek the company of others when they find themselves in ambiguous, frightening, and difficult circumstances.

Answer 19

theory of social comparison

Question 20

comparing yourself to someone worse

Answer 20

downward comparison

Question 21

comparing yourself to someone better

Answer 21

upward comparison

Question 22

By choosing comparison targets who are performing poorly compared to themselves, individuals bolster their own sense of competence;

Answer 22

downward social comparison

Question 23

By choosing superior targets, individuals can BIRG, as well as refine their expectations of themselves.

Answer 23

upward social comparison

Question 24

A sense of belonging, emotional support, advice, guidance, tangible assistance, and spiritual perspective given to others when they experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises

Answer 24

social support

Question 25

occurs when the problem is a lack of a long-term, meaningful, intimate relationship with another person; this type of loneliness might be triggered by divorce, a breakup with a lover, or repeated romantic failures.

Answer 25

emotional loneliness

Question 26

occurs when people feel cut off from their network of friends, acquaintances, and group members

Answer 26

social loneliness

Question 27

the state or relation of being closely associated or affiliated

Answer 27

affiliation

Question 28

People tend to like those who are situated nearby, in part because it increases the likelihood of increased social interaction

Answer 28

proximity principle

Question 29

From a systems perspective, groups often emerge when additional elements (people) become linked to the original members.

Answer 29

elaboration principle

Question 30

People like others who are similar to them in some way. In consequence, most groups tend toward increasing levels of homophily.

Answer 30

similarity principle

Question 31

similarity of the members of a group in attitudes, values, demographic characteristics

Answer 31

homophily

Question 32

The tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar to them in ways that complement their personal qualities.

Answer 32

complementarily principle

Question 33

Liking tends to be mutual

Answer 33

reciprocity principle

Question 34

Individuals are attracted to groups that offer them maximum rewards and minimal costs.

Answer 34

minimax principle

Question 35

maintains that satisfaction with group membership is primarily determined by comparison level (CL), whereas the comparison level for alternatives (CLalt) determines whether members will join, stay in, or leave a group.

Answer 35

social exchange theory