Chapter 2: Study Groups

Question 1

methods of acquiring knowledge

Answer 1

1. intuition
2. authority
3. rationalism
4. empiricism
5. scientific

Question 2

critical requirements of a scientific approach

Answer 2

• theories that organizes knowledge in groups
• research procedures to test hypothesis
• reliable and valid instrument

Question 3

general to specific

theory > hypothesis > observation > confirmation

Answer 3

deduction

Question 4

specific to general

observation > pattern > hypothesis > theory

Answer 4

induction

Question 5

observing and recording events; overt (alam na inoobserbahan); covert (unaware)

Answer 5

observational measures

Question 6

a change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being studied by researchers

Answer 6

Hawthorne effect

Question 7

a research procedures that classifies group members’ actions into defined categories

Answer 7

structured observational methods

Question 8

a structured coding system developed by Robert Bales used to classify group behavior into task-oriented and relationship-oriented categories.

Answer 8

IPA or Interaction Process Analysis

Question 9

A theoretical and structured coding system developed by Robert Bales which assumes that group activities can be classified among three dimensions:

• Dominance vs. Submissiveness
• Friendliness vs. Unfriendliness
• Acceptance of vs Opposition to Authority

Answer 9

SYMLOG or Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups

Question 10

a research procedure used to collect and analyze non-numeric, unquantified types of data, such as text, images, or objects

Answer 10

Qualitative study

Question 11

a research procedure used to collect and analyze data, in a numeric form, such as frequencies, proportions, or amounts

Answer 11

Quantitative study

Question 12

a measurement that ask group members to describe their own perceptions and experiences

Answer 12

self-report measures

Question 13

an assessment method, such as questionnaire, test, or interview, that ask respondents to describe their feelings, attitudes, or beliefs

Answer 13

self-report measures

Question 14

classifies individuals along 4 theoretically independent dimensions

Answer 14

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 15

responding without regard to the content of test items

Answer 15

random responding

Question 16

asks members to report whom they like the most

Answer 16

sociometry method

Question 17

the degree to which a measurement technique consistently yields the same conclusion at different times

Answer 17

reliability

Question 18

the degree to which a measurement method assesses what it was designed to measure

Answer 18

validity

Question 19

a research technique that involves examining, in as much detail as possible, the dynamics of a single group or individual

Answer 19

case studies

Question 20

a research design in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable by randomly assigning participants to two or more different conditions and measuring at least one other variable

Answer 20

experiment

Question 21

experiment key features:

Answer 21

• manipulate independent variables
• measure dependent variables
• control other variables

Question 22

provides the clearest test of cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 22

strength

Question 23

too artificial

Answer 23

weakness

Question 24

a research design in which the investigator measures (but does not manipulate) at least two variables and then uses statistical procedures to examine the strength and direction of the relationship between these variables; limited information about casuality

Answer 24

correlational study