Chapter 4: Eukaryotes Flashcards
Traits of eukaryotes
-Paired linear chromosomes in nuclear membrane
-Histones associates w/ DNA
-Many organelles
-Polysaccharide cell walls
-Sterols in plasma membrane
-Mitotic spindle
Ex. Of eukaryotes
-include protozoa, fungi, plant, algae, and animal cells
-Flagella (ex. Euglena) and Cilia (Ex. Paramecium)
-Cell wall
-Plants, algae, fungi
-Carbs: cellulose and chitin
Glycocalyx
-In animal cells
-Carbs and proteins
-protection from phagocytes
Plasma membrane
-Selective permeability
-Passive Transport
-Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
-Active Transport
-Endocytosis: Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis -these processes only in eukaryotes
Nucleus
Houses DNA
-includes nuclear membrane and nucleoli
ER
manufacturing and processing center, responsible for synthesizing proteins, modifying them(rough), producing lipids, and regulating calcium levels within the cell (smooth)
Golgi
packages and secretes proteins and lipids. It also helps make lysosomes
Lysosomes
Digestion (via enzymes)
Vacuoles
-plants only
-water and pigment storage
Cytoplasm
-cytoskeleton
-cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasm w/in a cell
Ribosomes
-protein synthesis
-80S
-free
-membrane bound
-attached to ER in cytoplasm
-70S
-in chloroplast and mitochondria
Cell wall
-chemically simple
-cellulose
-chitin
-protection from osmotic lysis
Endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells originated when a larger prokaryotic host cell engulfed smaller prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, which then evolved into organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, forming a symbiotic relationship within the host cell, essentially creating a more complex eukaryotic cell from simpler prokaryotic ones
-Size and shape of mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their circular DNA like bacteria
-The ribosomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are 70S like bacteria
Cell division
Involves mitosis
Fimbriae
attachment to surfaces
Pili
Transfer of genetic material
Sexual reproduction
Involves meiosis
Chromosomes
Linear chromosomes enclosed w/on a nuclear envelope
Flagella
-Wave
-composed of microtubules
External➡️internal of prokaryotic cell
-capsule
-cell wall
-plasma membrane
