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Microbiology > Chapter 14: Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of disease

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3
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of the body by pathogens

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4
Q

Disease

A

An abnormal state in which the body is not functionally normal

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5
Q

Normal microbata

A

-Microbes that establish permanent colonization inside or on the surface of the body w/o producing disease
-Skin: yeast, Gram-(+) cocci, Gram -(+) rods
-Throat: candida
-Mouth: candida, anaerobes can appear
-intestines: E. coli
-urogenital: S. epidermidis, E. coli

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6
Q

Transient microbes

A

-Microbes present for days, wks, of months and then disappear
-May be rem’d by handwashing

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7
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

-The normal flora can prevent pathogens from causing disease
-Ex. E. coli- prevent growth of Salmonella in GI tract

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8
Q

Symbiosis

A

Normal flora and host live together

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9
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism, benefits, and other is unaffected

-Ex.S. epidermidis bacteria on skin (human body does not benefit)
-a type of symbiosis

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10
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

-Ex. E. coli bacteria in the large intestine (human body also benefits)
-type of symbiosis

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11
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the expense of another

-Ex. Influenza viruses on host cell (human body is harmed)
-type of symbiosis

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12
Q

Microbes to the rescue: Lactobacillus

A

-Probiotics are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body
-Insects lactobacillus into raw chicken to prevent salmonella from thriving in gut of chx
-Ex. yogurt

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13
Q

Opportunistic microorganism

A

-Potentially pathogenic organisms that cause disease under special condition
-Ex.
-E. coli- UTI
-Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
-Nesisseria meningitidis- meningitis
-S. pneumonia- meningitis

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14
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

1) microbe are isolated from a disease or dead anima;
2a) the microbes are grown in pure culture
2b) microbes are identified
3) microbes are inoculated into a healthy lab animal
4) disease is reproduced in a lab ainmal
5a) microbes are isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture
5b) microbe is identifies (microbe must be same organism)

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15
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates: M.!leprae

A

-Cannot cultured on plate or in broth
-Cultures on armadillos- no artificial medium

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16
Q

Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

A

-Mycobacterium leprae
-Reservoir: humans
-Acid-fast rod that grows best at 30 degrees celsius
-Grows in peripheral nerves, skin cells; Survives macrophages and invades the myelin sheath
-Transmission: requires prolonged contacted w/ an infected person’s secretions, as well as inhalation of secretions
-Signs and Symptoms: rash, loss of nerve sensation, disfiguring lesions
-Multibacillary- more severe, reduced T cells
-Tubercoid (neural) form): loss of sensation in skin areas
-Lepromatous (progressive) form: disfiguring nodules over the body; mucous membranes are affected
-Dx: skin bx or smear- acid fast; blood test
-Treated w/ antibiotics

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17
Q

Signs

A

objective, measurable, change in pt
-BP, fever, pulse, rash

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18
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective, unmeasureable change
-Pain, nausea, headache

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19
Q

Contagious

A

spreads easily from 1 host to another
-Measles, chickenpox

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20
Q

Communicable

A

transmitted directly or indirectly (fomite)
-Flu, common cold

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21
Q

Noncommicable

A

does not spread from 1 host to another
-Tetanus, botulism, cancer, allergies

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22
Q

Prevalence

A

total # of cases (new and old cases)

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23
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases

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24
Q

Sporadic disease

A

occasionally in a pop
-Typhoid fever

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25
Epidemic
disease in a pop for a short period of time -Flu, RSV, COVID-19
26
Endemic
Disease that’s constantly in pop -Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis
27
Pandemic
global disease -AIDS, COVID-19, flu
28
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
-RNA, enveloped -Pneumoviridae family -Most common viral respiratory disease in infants and life-threatening pneumonia in older adults (and infants) -Fever, wheezing and coughing for more than 1 wk -Prevention: vaccine- 60 yrs or older -Dx: viral culture (Cytopathic effect: cell fusion (syncytia)), nasal aspirate, specimen of choice, serology to detect viral antigen; PCR- amplify nucleic acid -Treatment- monoclonal antibodies- highly specific, made in mouse -Transmission: droplets
29
Acute
sudden onset, and last for a short time -Strep throat- should start to feel better 24hrs after taking antibiotics
30
Chronic
slow developing, long lasting -Hep B, C -Chlamydia- PID -AIDS -TB
31
Subacute
between chronic and acute
32
Latent
no signs or symptoms of diseases, b/c causative agent not replicated
33
Herb immunity
vaccine, majority of pop is immune
34
Local infection
pathogen limited to small area of the body -Pimple, dental plaque
35
Systemic infection
an infection throughout the body (Via blood)
36
Focal infection
systemic infection that began as a local infection -endocarditis - S. viridans
37
Primary infection
acute infection that causes the disease (initial infection) -Measles, AIDS
38
Secondary infection
opportunistic infection after primary (predisposing) infection -Pneumonia, THRUSH (candida albicans)
39
Subclinical infection
no noticeable signs or symptoms -polio, chlamydia
40
Predisposing factors
-Gender -UTI- more prevalent in (F) b/c of shorter urethra -Autoimmune disease- more common (F) -Age -infants- immune system not fully developed -Elderly -Genetics -Cancer -Malaria- those w/ sickle cell anemia have a resistance -Climate Change -Mosquitos -Travel
41
Period of illness
most severe signs and symptoms
42
Period of decline
signs and symptoms decreasing in severity
43
Period of convalescence
body recovers from illness
44
Chain of infection
-Mode of transmission can be broken to prevent HAI -Reservoirs of infection -Reservoir (continual source of infection) -Humans (carriers)- AIDS, gonorrhea, typhoid fever -Animals (zoonoses)- rabies, Lyme disease, bird flu -Nonliving (soil, water, food, fomites)- botulism, tetanus
45
Rabies virus (Rhabdovirus)
-helical, RNA, enveloped -Reservoir: animals -Initial symptoms: muscle spasms of the mouth, pharynx and hydrophobia, difficulty swallowing -Inflammation of the brain -Transmission: bite of animal (parenteral- puncture) -Virus multiplies in the skeletal muscles and travels through the PNS to the brain cells, causing encephalitic -Furious (classical) rabies: animals are restless, then highly excitable -Paralytic (numb) rabies: animals seem unaware of their surroundings; minimally excitable -DX: DFA test on saliva (vital antigen), CSF, or serum; cell culture; PCR for postmortem confirmatory retain in animals -Post exposure vaccine and immunoglobulin (antibodies to rabies virus)
46
Transmission: direct contact
-Person-to-person transmission -Most common: touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse
47
Transmission: air droplets
Microbes spread in mucus droplets travel less than a meter
48
Transmission: indirect contact
-Transmission from reservoir to host by fomite (inert surfaces) -Ex. household items, medical devices
49
Vehicle (medium to spread the pathogen) transmission: water
-Pathogen usually spreads by water contaminated w/ untreated or poorly treated sewage -Ex. Giadardia, Legionellosis, Cholera
50
Hepatitis A
-Nonenveloped RNA -Transmission: fecal-oral routes -Vehicles: water, vegetables, raw oysters, berries -Signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, no chronic liver damage, slight jaundice -Serology (IgM- acute infection)- blood serum collected- antibody titer (specific to HAV) -Treated w/ immunoglobulin -Antibodies to Hep A- from animals- mice -Prevention: vaccine
51
Hepatitis E
-nonenveloped, RNA (unlike Hep B which is DNA) -Transmission: fecal-oral routes -Similar to Hep A in dx (IgM antibodies) -HAV vaccine is protective- somewhat protected
52
Vehicle transmission: food
-Pathogens generally transmitted in food incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated -Ex. Salmonellosis, Shigellosis
53
Vehicle transmission: air
-Pathogen spread in small dried airborne droplets (aerosol), mist, or dust suspended in air travel farther than 1 meter -Ex. Legionellosis, Histoplasmosis, C. immitis
54
Vector transmission
-Vector- Arthropod or insect spreading -Mechanical vector- pathogen is carried on body part of insect -Vector lands on food, host continues eating food -Ex. Salmonella, Shigella -Passive Process -Biological vector- pathogen is relocating in vector -Vector bites host -Active process -Rocky mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease -Ex. (saliva of ) mosquito- Malaria
55
Gram-(-) rod: Yersinia pestis
-Biological Vector transmission (rat flea bite) -Also transmitted by inhalation, direct contact w/ body fluids -Causes the plague -Bubonic Plague -Signs and symptoms: swollen lymph nodes, black fingers, necrosis due to hemorrhaging under skin), fever, septic shock -Dx: Culture, detect capsule antigen (DFA test), lymph node bx -BSL-3 -Antibiotics: such as Fluoroquinolones -Treatment: vaccine -Virulence factors: Multiplies in macrophages, Forms biofilms in the gut
56
Portals of exit
-Respiratory tract -GI tract -Genitourinary tract -Skin -Blood
57
Unusual bacteria: Rickettsia rickettsii
-Obligate intracellular bacteria -Virulence factors: forms biofilms -Transmission: Biological vector (tick) -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -Signs and symptoms: measles-like spotted rash (foot, palms of hands), fever, headache, vomiting -Dx: antibody Titer- IgM (acute), cell culture -Treatment: doxycycline, tetracycline
58
Portals of entry
-Parenteral -Skin -Respiratory tract- very common
59
Healthcare-associated (nosomial) infections
-Are acquired in setting such as hospitals, nursing homes, surgical centers, and healthcare clinics -5-15% of pt’s acquire HAI in treatment evironments -3 factors: -Microbes in healthcare-associated environments -Chain of transmission -Compromised host -E. coli- UIT -S. aureus- surgical wound -Enterococcus supp.- bloodstream
60
Principle sites of HAI
-Ventilator-associated infections -GI Clostridiodes difficile infections -Central-line associated bloodstream infections -Surgical infections -Catheter-associated UTIs
61
Control of HAI
-Universial precautions -Reduce #’s of pathogens -Handwashing -Disinfecting tubs used to bathe pt’s -Cleaning instruments scrupulously -Using disposable bandages and intubation -Infection control committees
62
Factors contributing to emerging infectious disease- new disease, changinging diseases w/ increases incidence
-Evolution of new strains -Misuse of antibiotics (broad spectrum) -Climate change -Ecological disasters, war -Animal control measures -Travel (modern transportation)
63
Epidemiology
-Study of where and when diseases occur -An epidemiologist determines the causative agent of a disease and identifies factors and patterns concerning the people affected
64
John snow
Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
65
Ignaz Semmelweis
showed the handwashing decrease incidence of puerperal fever
66
Florence nightingale
showed the improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
67
Syndrome
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
68
Reservoir of infection
A continual source of infection
69
Carrier
Organism (usually refers to humans) that harbors pathogens and transmits them to others
70
Notifiable infectious disease
A disease that physicians must report to the U.S. Public Health Service “Reportable disease”
71
Explain the extent of host involvement in disease and predisposing factors.
Host involvement in disease is a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host's defenses, influencing the severity and outcome of infection
72
Functions of the CDC
Collects and analyzes epidemiological info in the US

Microbiology (19 decks)

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