Chapter 4 - Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Metabolism
All chemical reactions occurring in the body
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up metabolic reactions
Catalyze
Speed up the break down of chemical bonds
Activation energy
energy required to start the metabolic reaction serves as a barrier to catalysis
Substrate
The substance upon which an enzyme reacts
Active site
region of the enzyme where the substrate binds
Induced fit
shape change by the enzyme in response to substrate binding results in stress being placed on the bonds of the substrate
Specificity
Phenomenon of enzyme shape determining the reaction the enzyme catalyzes
Metabolic rate
Measure of a person’s energy use
Basal metabolic rate
Energy use of a wakeful person at rest
Cellular respiration
a series of metabolic reactions that converts the energy stored in chemical bonds of food into energy that cells can use, while releasing waste products
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy that cells can use
Phosphorylation
The transfer of a phosphate group from one ATP to another molecule
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
A nucleotide composed of adenine, a sugar, and two phosphate groups. Produced by the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond of ATP
Aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the electron acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
The process of generating energy in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
A process that makes a small amount of ATP from glucose without using an electron transport chain
NAD+
Chemical electron carrier used in cellular respiration
NADH
NAD+ picks up one hydrogen ion and an electron
Glycosis
Chemical reaction in cellular respiration in which 6-carbon glucose is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvate in the cytosol of the cell, producing 2 ATP’s
Citric acid cycle
A series of catalyzed chemical reactions that take place in the matrix of the mitochondria, breaking down pyruvic acid electrons are harvested for ATP and the carbons are released as carbon dioxide
Electron transport chain
A series of proteins embedded into the inner membrane of the mitochondria and moves electrons from one protein to the next to generate ATP
ATP synthase
Enzyme that uses the energy generated by the rushing H+ ions to synthesize 26 ATP from ADP and phosphate
