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Biology > Chapter 3 - Nutrients and Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Nutrients and Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A

The substances in food that provide energy and structural materials

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2
Q

Macronutrient

A

Nutrients that are required in large amounts (carbohydrates, proteins, water, and fats)

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

A decrease below the body’s required water level

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4
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Sugars that are composed of many subunits and arranged in branching chains

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5
Q

Processed food

A

Food that has undergone extensive refinement and has been stripped of much of its nutritive value

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6
Q

Whole foods

A

Foods that have not been stripped of their nutrition by processing

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Amino acids that your body cannot synthesize

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8
Q

Complete proteins

A

Foods that contain all the amino acids your body needs

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9
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by your body

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10
Q

Saturated fat

A

Type of lipid rich in hydrogen and single bonds

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11
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Type of lipid containing many carbon-to-carbon double bonds, liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Lipid that contains many unsaturated carbons

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13
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen gas under pressure to make liquid oils more solid

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14
Q

Trams fat

A

Contains unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated, which changes the fat from a liquid to a solid at room temperature

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients that are essential in small amounts

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16
Q

Coenzymes

A

Molecules that help enzymes

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17
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic substances that do not contain carbon but are essential for many cell functions

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18
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic substances supplied by food that often help with enzymic functions

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19
Q

Antioxidants

A

Substances in food that prevent cells from damage caused by molecules that are generated by normal cell processes

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20
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive molecules with an incomplete electron shell

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21
Q

Organelles

A

Individual structures within a cell that have specific and necessary functions

22
Q

Cytosol

A

Watery mix inside the cell that contains salt and enzymes

23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Includes organelles and cytosol

24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

defines the outer boundary of each cell, isolates the cell’s contents from the environment, and serves as a barrier that determines which nutrients are allowed into and out of the cell

25
Q

Cell membrane

A

Encloses structures within the cell

26
Q

Semipermeable

A

Characteristic of cell membranes that only allows some substances to cross

27
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

The membrane that surrounds cells and organelles and is composed of two layers of phospholipids

28
Q

Fluid mosaic

A

The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids, allowing the composition of the membrane to change

29
Q

Cell wall

A

Tough but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membrane

30
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical cell structure that houses DNA; found in eukaryote

31
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The double membrane enclosing the nucleus in eukaryotes, studded with nuclear pores that regulate traffic into and out of the nucleus

32
Q

Chromatin

A

Structure inside the nucleus that is composed of DNA and proteins

33
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

An energy-producing organelles surrounded by a double membrane (powerhouse of the cell)

35
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle in plants that uses the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars

36
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened membranous sac located in the chloroplast stroma, stack to form grana

37
Q

Chrolophyll

A

Pigment molecules that reflect green light

38
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

39
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles in which proteins are assembled

40
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A large network of membranes that begins at the nuclear envelope and extends into the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

41
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A stack of membranous sacs that receive, modify, sort, and send proteins from ER vesicles

42
Q

Centriole

A

A barrel-shaped rings composed of microtubules that anchor structures that help move chromosomes around when an animal cell divides

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A framework made of protein fibers that gives shape and structural support to cells

44
Q

Central vacuole

A

Large fluid-filled organelles in plants that contain a variety of dissolved molecules, including sugars and pigments

45
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration

46
Q

Passive transport

A

When substances diffuse across the plasma membrane without requiring any energy input

47
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

When molecules are transported across membranes by proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer without the input of energy

48
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a membrane (sometimes through aquaporins) from areas of high concentration to low

49
Q

Active transport

A

The transport that uses proteins, powered by ATP, to move substances up a concentration gradient

50
Q

Exocytosis

A

When a membrane-bound vesicle, carrying some substance, fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the exterior of the cell

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

When a substance is brought into the cell by a vesicle engulfing and pinching the plasma membrane inward

Biology (5 decks)

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