Chapter 3 - Nutrients and Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

A

The substances in food that provide energy and structural materials

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2
Q

Macronutrient

A

Nutrients that are required in large amounts (carbohydrates, proteins, water, and fats)

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

A decrease below the body’s required water level

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4
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Sugars that are composed of many subunits and arranged in branching chains

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5
Q

Processed food

A

Food that has undergone extensive refinement and has been stripped of much of its nutritive value

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6
Q

Whole foods

A

Foods that have not been stripped of their nutrition by processing

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Amino acids that your body cannot synthesize

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8
Q

Complete proteins

A

Foods that contain all the amino acids your body needs

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9
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by your body

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10
Q

Saturated fat

A

Type of lipid rich in hydrogen and single bonds

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11
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Type of lipid containing many carbon-to-carbon double bonds, liquid at room temperature

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12
Q

Polyunsaturated

A

Lipid that contains many unsaturated carbons

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13
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Adding hydrogen gas under pressure to make liquid oils more solid

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14
Q

Trams fat

A

Contains unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated, which changes the fat from a liquid to a solid at room temperature

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15
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients that are essential in small amounts

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16
Q

Coenzymes

A

Molecules that help enzymes

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17
Q

Mineral

A

Inorganic substances that do not contain carbon but are essential for many cell functions

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18
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic substances supplied by food that often help with enzymic functions

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19
Q

Antioxidants

A

Substances in food that prevent cells from damage caused by molecules that are generated by normal cell processes

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20
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive molecules with an incomplete electron shell

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21
Q

Organelles

A

Individual structures within a cell that have specific and necessary functions

22
Q

Cytosol

A

Watery mix inside the cell that contains salt and enzymes

23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Includes organelles and cytosol

24
Q

Plasma membrane

A

defines the outer boundary of each cell, isolates the cell’s contents from the environment, and serves as a barrier that determines which nutrients are allowed into and out of the cell

25
Cell membrane
Encloses structures within the cell
26
Semipermeable
Characteristic of cell membranes that only allows some substances to cross
27
Phospholipid bilayer
The membrane that surrounds cells and organelles and is composed of two layers of phospholipids
28
Fluid mosaic
The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids, allowing the composition of the membrane to change
29
Cell wall
Tough but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membrane
30
Nucleus
Spherical cell structure that houses DNA; found in eukaryote
31
Nuclear envelope
The double membrane enclosing the nucleus in eukaryotes, studded with nuclear pores that regulate traffic into and out of the nucleus
32
Chromatin
Structure inside the nucleus that is composed of DNA and proteins
33
Nucleolus
Structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
34
Mitochondria
An energy-producing organelles surrounded by a double membrane (powerhouse of the cell)
35
Chloroplasts
An organelle in plants that uses the sun’s energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars
36
Thylakoids
Flattened membranous sac located in the chloroplast stroma, stack to form grana
37
Chrolophyll
Pigment molecules that reflect green light
38
Lysosome
A membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
39
Ribosomes
Organelles in which proteins are assembled
40
Endoplasmic reticulum
A large network of membranes that begins at the nuclear envelope and extends into the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
41
Golgi apparatus
A stack of membranous sacs that receive, modify, sort, and send proteins from ER vesicles
42
Centriole
A barrel-shaped rings composed of microtubules that anchor structures that help move chromosomes around when an animal cell divides
43
Cytoskeleton
A framework made of protein fibers that gives shape and structural support to cells
44
Central vacuole
Large fluid-filled organelles in plants that contain a variety of dissolved molecules, including sugars and pigments
45
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration
46
Passive transport
When substances diffuse across the plasma membrane without requiring any energy input
47
Facilitated diffusion
When molecules are transported across membranes by proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer without the input of energy
48
Osmosis
The movement of water across a membrane (sometimes through aquaporins) from areas of high concentration to low
49
Active transport
The transport that uses proteins, powered by ATP, to move substances up a concentration gradient
50
Exocytosis
When a membrane-bound vesicle, carrying some substance, fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the exterior of the cell
51
Endocytosis
When a substance is brought into the cell by a vesicle engulfing and pinching the plasma membrane inward