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Biology > Chapter 2 - Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Peusdoscience > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Peusdoscience Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical processes that occur within the cell in response to external stimuli

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

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3
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental forms of matter, composed of atoms that cannot be broken down by normal physical means

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4
Q

Atoms

A

The smallest units that have the properties of any given element

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5
Q

Protons

A

A subatomic particle with a positive charge

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6
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle with no charge

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7
Q

Electron

A

Subatomic particles with a negative charge

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in an atom

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10
Q

Ion

A

A charged atom that does not have an equal amount of protons and electrons

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11
Q

Solute

A

A substance that dissolves when mixed with another substance

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12
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid in which a solute has dissolved into

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13
Q

Polar

A

Describes a molecule that has regions with different charges

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14
Q

Electronegative

A

Tendency to attract electrons to form chemical bonds

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15
Q

Nonpolar

A

Describes a molecule with no partial charge

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16
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak type of chemical bonding in which a partially positive atom is attracted to a partially negative atom

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17
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving polar molecules that dissolve in water

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18
Q

Waterphobic

A

Water-fearing nonpolar molecules that don’t dissolve in water

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19
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Changes in the chemical composition of substances

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20
Q

Reactants

A

Any material starting a chemical reaction

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21
Q

Product

A

Molecule formed as a result of a chemical reaction

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22
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of molecules to stick together

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23
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Branch of chemistry concerned with carbon-containing molecules

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24
Q

Electron shell

A

Energy level in the electron cloud representing the electron’s distance from the nucleus

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25
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost electron shell of an atom

26
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond in which atoms share electrons

27
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bond form between charged atoms attracted to each other by similar, opposite charges

28
Q

pH scale

A

A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0 to 14, lower numbers indicate higher hydrogen ion concentrations

29
Q

Acid

A

A substance that donates H+ ions to a solution

30
Q

Base

A

A substance that accepts H+ ions

31
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large organic molecules made of subunits

32
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

Four types of macromolecules in living organisms

33
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars that are a major source of energy for cellular process and play important structural roles in cells

34
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar

35
Q

Monomers

A

Simple individual subunits that make up polymers

36
Q

Polymers

A

Complex structures made up of many monomers joined together

37
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A polymer made of sugar monomers

38
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecules made up of amino acids that have structural, transport, and enzymatic roles

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Accelerate and regulate the rates of all the chemical/metabolic reactions

40
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomer subunits that make up proteins

41
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polymer of amino acids

42
Q

Lipid

A

Macromolecule that is insoluble to water, includes fats, steroids, and phospholipids

43
Q

Fat

A

Lipid made up of a 3-carbon glycerol molecule with 3 long hydrocarbon chains

44
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Molecules rich in carbon and hydrogen that can be burned to produce energy

45
Q

Fatty acid tails

A

Long hydrocarbon chains attached to the glycerol of fats and phospholipids

46
Q

Steriods

A

Lipids made up of 4 fused carbon-containing rings that produces physiologic effects

47
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipids made up of a hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails

48
Q

Nucleotide

A

Monomer that makes up nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base

49
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Nucleotide that plays a role in helping cells synthesize proteins

50
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Nucleotide that stores genetic information in nearly all living organisms

51
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Structure in DNA that has one of four unique structures

52
Q

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

A

Four nitrogenous bases of DNA

53
Q

Complimentary

A

Describes the hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine/guanine and cytosine on opposite strands of DNA

54
Q

Purine

A

Nitrogenous bases A/G with a two-ring structure

55
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Nitrogenous base C/T/U with a single-ring structure

56
Q

Sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Series of alternating sugars and phosphates along the length of the DNA helix

57
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Explains how a single common ancestor present on earth 4 billion years ago could give rise to the over 10 million different kinds of organisms found on Earth today

58
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A single-cell bacteria that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

59
Q

Eukaryotic

A

A single-cell bacteria with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

60
Q

Cell wall

A

Tough but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membranes

61
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which individuals with certain traits have greater survival and reproduction than individuals who lack these traits

Biology (5 decks)

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