Chapter 4 Enzymes and Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Bioenergetics
The study of how cells are able to conserve energy
Exergonic Reaction
A reaction that releases energy and has its products with less energy than its reactants
Endergonic Reaction
This is a reaction that absorbs energy and its products have more energy than its reactants
Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a reaction
Enzyme Specificity
When one enzyme catalyzes one specific reation
Induced fit
When the substrates bind to the enzyme, the enzyme changes shape to fit around them
Cofactors
Inorganic elements that helped to catalyze the reactions
Denaturing Enzymes
In extreme temperatures and extreme pH’s, many enzymes can be denatured
Allosteric Inhibition
A region of the enzyme other than the active site in which a substance can bind
Allosteric Regulators
Substances that can inhibit or activate enzymes
Allosteric Inhibitor
Bind to the allosteric region and places the enzyme in an inactive form
Feedback inhibition
Formation of the end product inhibits the earlier reactions
Competitive Inhibition
When another substance can bind to the active site thereby competing with the substrate to inactivate the enzyme
non-competitive inhibition
when a substance binds to a region other than the active site and changes the enzyme to the inactive form
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Energy leads to less organization, and the universe tends to more disorder
Aerobic respiration
When ATP is made in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
When ATP is made without oxygen
Cellular Respiration Steps
Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl CoA Krebs Cyle Oxidative Phosphorylation - ETC - Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Where glucose is broken down into two pyruvates
Occurs in the cytosol
Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD + –> 2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2 NADH
Formation of Acetyl CoA
In mitochondria
2 Pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A +2NAD+ –> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2 CO2
Krebs Cycle
1 Pyruvate= 1 ATP + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen pulls the electrons through the electron transport chain because oxygen is a great electron acceptor
Aerobic Respiration
Chemiosmosis
As electrons go through the ETC, they are forcing protons against their gradient thereby creating a proton motive force
Protons can only leave this membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase
Uses the energy from the proton motive force to create 32 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation- When pyruvate is converted to lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide
