Chapter 3 Biochemistry Flashcards
Properties of Water
- Polar and able to dissolve other polar substances
- Adhesion
- Cohesion
- High heat capacity
Alkaline Solution
Basic Solution where there are many OH- ions in the solution
Organic compounds
Molecules that contain a skeleton of carbon atoms
Inorganic compounds
Molecules that do not contain a carbon skeleton, with the exception of CO2
4 Organic Compounds
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
Categorized as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
glucose and fructose
six carbon sugars
Disaccharides
Maltose
Created through dehydration synthesis
Forms a glycosidic bond
To create two monosaccharides, it must do hydrolsis by adding a water
Polysaccharides
Common polysaccharides are starch, cellulose, and glycogen
Glycogen- how glucose is stored in muscles in humans
Plants store starch in structures called plastids
Why can’t humans digest cellulose?
Humans can digest polymers with α-glucose, but they cannot digest polymers with the β-glucose.
Starch has α-glucose bonds so it is digested
cellulose has β glucose bonds so it is not digested
Proteins
Made up of amino acids
Contains C, H, and O
20 different amino acids
Different parts of amino acids
Amine group
Carboxyl Group
Hydrogen
R- Group
Dipeptide
Two amino acids that are bonded together with a peptide bond
This is the bond that forms between two amino acids
Happens through dehydration synthesis
Order of molecules
amino acid- dipeptide- polypeptide- protein
Lipids
Ex. fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
Steroids contain 4 linked carbon rings
Triglyceride
Glycerol attached to three fatty acids
These bonds are called ester linkages
Each fatty acid has to be joined to the glycerol includes through dehydration synthesis
Saturated/Unsaturated
Saturated- Where all the carbons and hydrogens are connected by single bonds
Unsaturated- Where there is a double bond between two carbons
Polyunsaturated- Multiple double bonds between carbons
Phospholipids
This is a molecule with a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails
Phosphate head is hydrophillic
fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
Amphipathic
Molecule that has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions
Nucleic Acids
CHNOP
made up of nucleotides
RNA and DNA
Oparin and Haldane
Proposed that the early atmosphere contained CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia), H2(Hydrogen), and H2(Hydrogen)
Miller and Urey
Experiment in which the water was heated and put in a chamber with ammonia and methane, and sparks were added. After this the water was examined for organic compounds
heterotrophs
rely on organic compounds for food
autotrophs
organisms that create their own food
