Chapter 4 - Enzymes Flashcards
what are enzymes
biological catalysts
what type of proteins are enzymes
globular
what is the name for the reactants
substrates
what factors affect the rate of reaction
temperature, pressure, pH
what is Vmax
the maximum point enzymes can increase the rate of reaction to
what is activation energy
the energy required to start a reaction
how do enzymes affect activation energy
they reduce it by making sure the substrates collide successfully
what are the two hypotheses for how enzymes interact with substrate molecules
the lock and key hypothesis and the induced fit hypothesis
what is the active site
the area where the substrate binds to the enzyme
what is the complex called once the substrate has bound to the enzyme
enzyme-substrate complex
what is the name given when the product is formed but it is still bound to the enzyme
enzyme-product complex
what is different about the induced fit hypothesis
the enzyme’s active site is thought to change shape slightly once the substrate has bound
what are intracellular and extracellular enzymes
enzymes which work within cells (intra) or enzymes that work outside of cells (extra)
give a use of enzymes in the gut
digestion - breaking down polymers
where is starch digested
mouth and small intestine
explain how starch is digested
in the mouth amylase breaks starch down into maltose
amylase is produced by the salivary glands and the pancreas
in the small intestine maltose is broken down into glucose by the enzyme maltase
where and how are proteins digested
in the small intestine by proteases like trypsin (broken into amino acids)
what is the temperature coefficient, Q10
a measure of how much the rate of reaction increases with a 10 degrees temperature rise
what happens when the temperature is raised too high
the enzymes will denature - the vibrations cause the bonds to break
what is the optimum temperature
the temperature which gives highest yield/rate of activity (in humans this is around 40)
what is it called when a protein moves away from its optimum pH and then back to it
renaturation
