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Biology A Level Module 2 (OCR) > Chapter 2 - Basic components of living systems - cell types > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Basic components of living systems - cell types Flashcards

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1
Q

name the two cell types

A

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

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2
Q

where do reactions in a cell take place

A

the cytoplasm

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3
Q

why are membranes selectively permeable

A

to control what substances can enter or exit the cell or organelle

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4
Q

name ten organelles in a eukaryotic cell (there are 14)

A 
nucleus
nucleolus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
microtubule network
mitochondria
vesicles
ribosomes
cell-surface membrane
cytosol
centriole
cytoskeleton
secretory vesicles
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5
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

DNA/genetic material

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6
Q

what is the double membrane containing the DNA called

A

the nuclear envelope

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7
Q

where does RNA get out of the nuclear envelope

A

through the nuclear pores (too small for DNA)

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8
Q

DNA associates with ________ to form a complex called _______ which coils and condenses to form _________

A

histones to form chromatin…to form chromosomes

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9
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

an area within the nucleus responsible for producing ribosomes

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10
Q

what are mitochondria

A

the site of the final stages of respiration

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11
Q

what would a very active cell have a large number of

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

what is (mt)DNA

A

mitochondrial DNA

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13
Q

what are the matrix and the cristae

A

the inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded to form cristae and the fluid area inside the mitochondria is the matrix

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14
Q

what are vesicles

A

membranous sacs containing fluid for transport of substances inside the cell

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15
Q

what are lysosomes

A

specialised vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down waste. they play an important role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) and the immune system

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16
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

present throughout the cytoplasm, it is a network of fibres necessary for the shape and stability of the cell

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17
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments - contractile filaments
microtubules - scaffold
intermediate fibres - mechanical strength

18
Q

what are centrioles

A

a component of the cytoskeleton. two associated centrioles form a centrosome involved in cell division

19
Q

what are flagella and what are they used for

A

whip-like extensions that protrude from cells to enable mobility

20
Q

what are cilia and what are they used for

A

hair-like extensions that protrude from cells for either a sensory purpose (eg. in the nose) or to beat and move substances (eg. mucus in the airways)

21
Q

how are microtubules arranged in cilia

A

9+2 - two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules

22
Q

what are the three main organelles involved in protein synthesis

A

Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae

24
Q

what are the differences between the smooth and the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth - responsible for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis, and storage
rough - has ribosomes bound to the surface and is responsible for protein synthesis

25
Q

where are ribosomes found

A

free floating in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

RNA molecules (they are not surrounded by a membrane)

27
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus

A

similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum - a compact structure made of cisternae - it packages proteins into vesicles

28
Q

describe the process of protein production

A

they are synthesised in the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. they then pass to the cisternae to be packaged into transport vesicles. the vesicles move to the Golgi apparatus via the cytoskeleton. the vesicles fuse with the cis face of the Golgi apparatus and the proteins enter. the proteins are structurally modified before leaving the Golgi apparatus in vesicles from its trans face. secretory vesicles carry proteins toward the cell surface membrane and release their contents via exocytosis

29
Q

what are cell walls made of

A

cellulose - a complex carbohydrate

30
Q

what is the purpose of the cell wall

A

rigidity and defence

31
Q

what are the main three unique features of plant cells

A

cell walls, chloroplasts and vacuoles

32
Q

what are vacuoles

A

membrane lined sacs containing sap important in maintaining turgor

33
Q

what is the selectively permeable membrane of a vacuole called

A

tonoplast

34
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

the organelles responsible for photosynthesis

35
Q

name the parts of the chloroplasts

A

stroma - the fluid
thylakoids - flattened sacs
granum - stack of thylakoids
lamellae - membranes joining granum

36
Q

what are the two domains of single-celled organisms

A

archaea and bacteria

37
Q

describe the DNA of prokaryotes

A

not in a nucleus, generally only one supercoiled chromosome

38
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes

A

prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller

39
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan/murein

40
Q

what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagellum

A

the prokaryotic flagella is thinner and doesn’t have the 9+2 structure. the flagellum is attached to the cell membrane by a basal body and rotated by a molecular motor

Biology A Level Module 2 (OCR) (15 decks)

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