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Pediatrics > Chapter 4: Early Childhood: Toddlers and Preschoolers > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Early Childhood: Toddlers and Preschoolers Flashcards

1
Q

What age is early childhood?

A

1-3 years old

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2
Q

Early childhood is a time of?

A

independence and pride; negativism; ritualism

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3
Q

Growth during early child hood is faster than infancy. True or false.

A

False. Slower growth in early childhood.

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4
Q

What is the average weight of a 2 year old?

A

27 lb

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5
Q

What is the average height of a 2 year old?

A

34 inches

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6
Q

What is the average weight of a 3 year old?

A

32 lb

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7
Q

What is the average height of a 3 year old?

A

37 inches

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8
Q

By 33 months, a child will have how many deciduous teeth?

A

20

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9
Q

How to prevent teeth decay or nursing caries?

A

Teach child how to brush teeth (with help) after meals and before bedtime

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10
Q

How much fluoride can you give a 3 year old?

A

0.25mg/day

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11
Q

How much fluoride can you give a child 3-6 years old?

A

0.5mg/day

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12
Q

How do you give fluoride?

A

On an empty stomach with a straw

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13
Q

Milk should be limited to?

A

20 oz

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14
Q

These critical milestones are achieved at what age?

  • Hold cup with two hands
  • Builds tower of 3-4 blocks
  • Turns pages of book
  • Says 3-10 single words
  • Can point to several body parts
  • Walks well, creeps up steps
A

15-18 months

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15
Q

These critical milestones are achieved at what age?

  • Undress self
  • Uses spoon/covered cup well
  • 300 word vocal with 2-3 word sentences
  • Runs; walks up/down steps
  • Throw/kicks a ball
  • Tower of 6-7 blocks
  • Scribble on paper
A

2 years

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16
Q

Symbolic representation =

A

symbolic play

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17
Q

Which statement indicates the parents of a toddler need more information about toddler safety?
A. “We always put her in her car seat, even if we only drive down the street.”
B. “We never let her play outside alone.”
C. “We always put our cleaning supplies on the shelves above the sink.”
D. “One of us stays with her the entire time she is in the bathtub.”

A

C. They should be locked up in a cabinet.

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18
Q

Toddlers have a ___ attention span.

A

short

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19
Q

Sensory pleasure play helps toddlers to ____.

A

learn to manipulate things

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20
Q

Parallel Play

A

when children sit side by side without interaction

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21
Q

What can parallel play help?

A

Develop social skills

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22
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage

A

Birth - 2 years = reputation, practice play, “mommy mimicking” prior to Pre-operational thought

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23
Q

What kind of appetite does a 1-3 year old child have?

A
  • Decreased appetite
  • Picky/fussy eater
  • Strong taste preferences
  • Small portions
24
Q

A 1-3 year old child should have high proteins and minerals (Fe, Ca, phosphorus). True or false.

A

True

25
Q

What are some potential dangers for a 1-3 year old?

A
  • Light switches

- Dry cleaner bags

26
Q

How much sleep should a toddler have?

A

10-12 hours, shouldn’t nap after age 3

27
Q

What are some ways to support autonomy?

A
  • offer simple choices
  • encourage new skills
  • simple and minimal rules
  • reduce opportunities for “no” answers
28
Q 
A 13-month-old toddler is being discharged from the hospital.  Which potential health risks should the nurse address with the parents?  (select all that apply)
A.  Elevated cholesterol levels
B.  Poisoning
C.  Peer pressure
D.  Burns
E.  Falls
A

B, D, E

29
Q

What are some early childhood challenges?

A
  • tempter tantrums (maintain control; pay no attention; time-out)
  • toilet training (process may take 2 weeks to 2 months)
  • discipline (consistency rather than severity helps child learn; develops appropriate social behaviors)
  • night terrors (leave night light on, check under bed, but encourage parents to not let their child sleep in family bed)
30
Q

Ms. Coleon gave a 24-hour recall for her 18-month-old son, Racy. As the nurse is alert to common causes of choking, she would consider which groups of foods as safest for toddlers like Racy.
A. Apple quarters, green beans, chicken noodle casserole.
B. Grapes, carrot strips, macaroni and cheese.
C. Diced peaches, mashed potatoes, spaghetti.
D. Watermelon chunks, cheese-stuffed celery, sliced hotdogs

A

C

31
Q

When caring for a toddler at the hospital, what are some tips to help with separation anxiety?

A
  • approach child at eye level
  • have parents present during painful procedures
  • if parents have to leave tell child “Mommy will be back when you eat your lunch today”
32
Q

What age is preschool?

A

3-6 years old

33
Q

Physical growth stabilizes at 3-6 years old. True or false.

A

True

34
Q

A preschooler will gain approximately how many pounds per year?

A

5-6 lbs

35
Q

A preschooler will grow approximately how many inches per year?

A

2-3 inches

36
Q

What is the average weight of a 5 year old?

A

42 lbs

37
Q

What is the average height of a 5 year old?

A

45 inches

38
Q

What stage is a preschooler in of Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory?

A

Pre-Operational Throught

39
Q

What stage is a preschooler in of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development theory?

A

Initiative vs Guilt

40
Q

These critical milestones are achieved at what age?

  • Skip, hop, jump rope; balance on 1 foot
  • Walk backward
  • Know 2 adjective (tired, hungry, cold)
  • Balances on each foot for 1 second
A

4-5 years

41
Q

How much sleep should a preschool child have?

A

12 hours of sleep per day with rare naps

42
Q 
A nurse is planning diversionary activities for children on an inpatient unit.  Which play activities should be used?  (Select all that apply)
A. Building simple models.
B. Working with clay.
C. Filling and emptying containers.
D. Playing with blocks.
E. Looking at picture books.
A

C, D, E

43
Q

A child can attend kindergarten when she can do what?

A
  • Dress self
  • Counts to 10 and knows ABC’s
  • Manage emotions/behaviors
  • Verbally communicate needs
  • Follow simple directions
  • Sufficient language and listening skills
  • IS toilet-trained
44
Q

Just 1 inch of water in the bathtub, toilet, bucket, pool, or pond can lead to?

A

Asphyxiation

45
Q

Submersion Injury (near-drowning)

A

survived for 24 hours after

46
Q

Nursing interventions for a child that drowned (after they’ve been resuscitated)?

A
  • O2 or mechanical ventilation
  • Monitor vitals signs
  • Assess for respiratory distress or cerebral edema
  • Administer IV fluids and meds
  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Calm approach with child and family
  • Keep family informed
47
Q

What is the most common drug ingestion poisoning?

A

Acetaminophen

48
Q

90% of poisonings occur in?

A

Preschool kids

49
Q

While a 5-year-old is hospitalized for an appendectomy, he tells the nurse that he is in the hospital because he was bad. The nurse should:
A. Suspect child abuse and report it to the authorities.
B. Question the parents about their discipline methods.
C. Ignore the comment.
D. Explain to the child why he is in the hospital.

A

D

50
Q

35% of child abuse/neglect involves?

A

Parental substance abuse

51
Q

Spiral fractures are ____ questioned - a sign of abuse.

A

always

52
Q

A lead blood level of ____ requires intervention.

A

> 5 mcg/dL

53
Q

What are the treatments for a child that has lead blood level of 45 mcg/dL?

A
  • Succiner (Chemet),
  • Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
  • Bind with lead and excreted from body
54
Q

What education can you give a parent to prevent lead poisoning?

A
  • Run tap water for 2 min
  • Eliminate sources
  • Wash hands with hot, soapy water before eating
55
Q

What immunizations to give at 4-6 years old?

A

DTaP, IV, MMR, Varicella,

56
Q 
Match the common causes of poisoning in children with the symptoms seen in poisoning with that substance.
\_\_ Acetaminophen
\_\_ Aspirin
\_\_ Lead	
\_\_ Lysol

A. Edema of lips, hemoptysis, & drooling
B. Mental impairment & blindness
C. Liver failure w/o tx
D. N/V, ringing in ears, & lightheadness

A

C - Acetaminophen
D - Aspirin
B - Lead
A - Lysol

Pediatrics (5 decks)

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