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Pediatrics > Chapter 3: Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

What age is infancy?

A

From birth to 1 year

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2
Q

What is the average height of a newborn?

A

20 inches

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3
Q

What is the average height of a 1 year old?

A

29 inches

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4
Q

Why system is the fastest growing during infancy stage?

A

The central nervous system (CNS)

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5
Q

Myelinization follows in what direction?

A

Cephalocaudul (head-to-toe), up to 2 years

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6
Q

Where does a baby get immunologic protection from?

A

Maternal antibodies in utero or via breast milk

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7
Q

When will a baby’s antigen-antibody response start maturing and can be triggered?

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

When will a baby develop its own immunity?

A

9 months

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9
Q

What position is a child measured in until 24 months?

A

Supine/recumbent

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10
Q

An infant’s length is best measured by using a ____.

A

stadiometer

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11
Q

What is the average length of a newborn?

A

20 inches

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12
Q

What is the average length of a 1 year old?

A

29 inches

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13
Q

At the end of the first year, the infant’s birth length has increased by ___%.

A

50

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14
Q

How much will an infant grow in the first 6 months? Second 6 months?

A

About 1 inch then 1/2 inch

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15
Q

What is the average weight of a newborn?

A

7-8 lbs (ATI: 6-9 lbs)

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16
Q

An infant’s weight is _____ by 5-6 months and ____ by 12 months.

A

doubled; tripled

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17
Q

What is the average weight of a 1 year old?

A

21-24 lbs (ATI: 21.5 lbs)

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18
Q

After 1 year, how many pounds will a child’s weight increase by per year?

A

5-6 lbs per year

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19
Q

After 1 year, how many inches will a child’s height increase by per year?

A

2-3 inches per year until puberty

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20
Q

What does head circumference indicate?

A

Brain growth

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21
Q

What is the average head circumference of a newborn?

A

33-35 cm

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22
Q

In the first year, a child head circumference should have increased by?

A

10 cm

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23
Q

A child’s head circumference will reach it’s full size of ____ by age ____.

A

55 cm; 5

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24
Q

An infant will gain approx. how much weight per month during the first 5 months of life?

A

1.5 lb

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25
Q

What is the average weight of a 6 month old infant?

A

16 lb

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26
Q

The birth length of an infant will increase by ___% by the age of 12 months.

A

50

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27
Q

How much will an infant’s head circumference increase by per month during the first 3 months? 4-6 months? Second 6 months

A

2 cm; 1 cm; 0.5 cm

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28
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close by?

A

6-8 weeks

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29
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close by?

A

12-18 months

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30
Q

What is the best position to palpate an infant’s fontanel and why?

A

Upright because when they’re laying down, fluid can go to their head and simulate a bulging fontanel.

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31
Q

How many teeth should erupt in infants mouths by 1 year of age?

A

6-8 teeth

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32
Q

When does the first teeth typically erupt?

A

6-10 months; average is 8 months

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33
Q

What are some indications of teething?

A
  • Sucking or biting
  • Drooling
  • Irritable
  • Have difficulty sleeping
  • Mild fever
  • Rub their ears
  • Decreased appetite for solid foods
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34
Q

A head circumference that increases rapidly may indicate?

A

An increase in ventricular fluid and intracranial pressure (hydrocephalus)

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35
Q

A sunken fontanel indicates?

A

Dehydration

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36
Q

Vital signs of an infant is usually taken in what order?

A

Reverse - respirations 1st, then pulse, temp

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37
Q

Blood pressure is taken starting at what age annually?

A

3 years old

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38
Q

Where is the best location to take an infants pulse?

A

Apical

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39
Q

Radial pulse can be taken after what age?

A

2 years old

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40
Q

A pulsating anterior fontanel is normal?

A

True

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41
Q

What kind of heartbeat may be normal in kids?

A

Sinus arrhythmia with split S2 at 2nd left ICS

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42
Q

These critical milestones are reached at how many months?

  • Smiles spontaneously - sees reaction
  • Lifts head off mattress
  • Opens hands
A

2 months

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43
Q

These critical milestones are reached at how many months?

  • Rolls from back to side, no head lag
  • Grasps objects with both hands
  • Begins to reach but w/o success
A

4 months

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44
Q

These critical milestones are reached at how many months?

  • Rolls from back to front
  • Palmar grasp dominant hand
  • Holds bottle
  • Begins to sit up
A

6 months

45
Q

These critical milestones are reached at how many months?

  • Crude pincer grasp
  • Dominant hand preference
  • Sits well w/o support
  • Pulls to standing
A

9 months

46
Q

These critical milestones are reached at how many months?

  • Tries to build a 2-block tower
  • Places objects in containers
  • Can turn pages of books
  • Sits from standing
A

12 months

47
Q

Lower central incisors are predicted to erupt by?

A

6-8 months

48
Q

Upper central incisors are predicted to erupt by?

A

8-10 months

49
Q

Upper lateral incisors are predicted to erupt by?

A

9-13 months

50
Q

Lower lateral incisors are predicted to erupt by?

A

10-16 months

51
Q

By age 2, a child is expected to have how many teeth?

A

18-24 teeth

52
Q

What medication can you give to an infant that’s teething?

A
  • Tylenol or ibuprofen (do not give if <6 months) x 3 days only, if sleep/feeding is interrupted.
  • Fluoride 0.25mg may also be given up to 3 years old.
53
Q

When a finger is run laterally down the neonates spine, trunk reflexes, and pelvis swings toward the stimulated side. Disappears at 2 months.

A

Trunk incurvature

54
Q

When head is turned while supine, extremities on same side extend out. Disappears at 3-4 months.

A

Tonic neck (fencing)

55
Q

When finger placed in hands, baby grasps tight. Disappears at 3 months.

A

Palmar grasp

56
Q

When cheek or edge of mouth is stroked, turns head in that direction & sucks. Disappears at 4 months.

A

Rooting/sucking

57
Q

When lifted and suddenly lowered (or in response to loud noise) extremities extend to abduct while fingers spread to form a “C”. Disappears at 4 months.

A

Moro (startle)

58
Q

Stroke outer edge of sole of foot up toward toes which fan out and up. Disappears at 12 months.

A

Babinski

59
Q

When held upright with feet touching surface, appears to dance or step.

A

Stepping

60
Q

Language development and socialization by 2 months?

A

Ah’s, eh’s, social smile

61
Q

Language development and socialization by 4 months?

A

Babbles, coos, gurgles, laughs

62
Q

Language development and socialization by 6 months?

A

Smack lips, talks to self, recognizes name

63
Q

Language development and socialization by 9 months?

A

pat-a-cake, knows “no”

64
Q

Language development and socialization by 12 months?

A

“mama”, “dadda”, bye-bye

65
Q

Cognitive development and play is an integral part of socialization process as it provides _____ and ____.

A

interpersonal contact; educational stimulation

66
Q

Example of object permanence?

A

Peek-a-boo

67
Q 
The nurse is caring for an infant who will soon eat solid foods.  The RN should inform the parent to introduce which foods first into the infant’s diet?
A.  Stained yellow vegetables
B.  Iron-fortified cereals
C.  Pureed fruits
D.  Whole milk
A

B

68
Q 
An 11-month-old infant enjoys picking up Cheerios one by one with the thumb and index finger and throwing them on the floor.  This is an example of:
A. Egocentrism.
B. Pincer grasp.
C. Oral gratification
D. Reflexive activity
A

B

69
Q

A nurse in a clinic would identify which infant as needing additional assessment of growth?
A. Precious, 4-month-old girl, birth weight 7 lb. 6 oz.; present weight 14 lb. 14 oz.
B. Ebony, 2 week-old boy, birth weight 6 lb. 10 oz.; present weight 6 lb. 11 oz.
C. LaRon, 6-month-old boy, birth weight 8 lb. 8 oz.; present weight 14 lb. 8oz.
D. Dionicia, 2-month-old girl, birth weight 7 lb. 2 oz.; present weight 9 lb. 10 oz.

A

C. (weight should have doubled)

70
Q

A mother of an 8-month-old boy states that the family is vacationing at a beach house for the next 2 weeks. Which information should the nurse educate the mother about in relation to sun exposure? (Select all that apply)
A. Reapply sun lotions to all exposed skin every 4 to 6 hours.
B. Use sun lotions that protect against both UVA and UVB rays.
C. Have the baby wear child-sized sunglasses whenever he is in the sun.
D. Avoid exposing the child to the sun between the hours of 12 and 2 PM.
E. Dress the child in light-weight clothing that covers the majority of his skin.

A

B, C, E

71
Q 
An appropriate “finger food” for an 11-month-old infant is:
A. Crackers.
B. Raisins.
C. Lollipops.
D. Popcorn.
A

A

72
Q

An infant should be breastfed/iron-fortified formula only until?

A

6-12 months

73
Q

By 4 months, how many bottles a day should an infant drink?

A

4 bottles a day and no middle of the night bottle for better sleeping habits

74
Q

You can prop a bottle or put an infant to sleep with a bottle. True or false.

A

False

75
Q

An infant can start eating solid foods at what age?

A

4-6 months

76
Q

Don’t feed an infant eggs until what age?

A

9 months

77
Q

What are the advantages of breast feeding?

A
  • It provides passive immunity (IgA, WBC’s to protect, against infection, lower risk of obesity, less OM)
  • Brain development (high in linoleic acid and cholesterol)
  • Digestibility (lipase breaks down dietary fat)
78
Q

What indicates that an infant is having adequate fluid intake?

A

6-8 wet diapers per 24 hours

79
Q

Adding fluids for the first 4 months can cause?

A

Hyponatremia and water intoxication

80
Q

When can you introduce using a cup to an infant?

A

6 months

81
Q

How much should 100% fruit juice be limited to?

A

6 oz. per day

82
Q

At what age can you start weaning and switch from formula to whole milk?

A

1 year

83
Q

At what age can you switch from whole milk to 2% milk?

A

2 years

84
Q

What immunizations are given at 2 months?

A

DTaP, PIV, RV, Hib, PCV, Hep B

85
Q

What immunizations are given at 4 months?

A

DTaP, IPV, RV, Hib, PCV

86
Q

What immunizations are given at 6 months?

A

DTaP, IPV (6-18 months), RV, Hib, Hep B (6-18 months)

87
Q

What immunizations are given at 6-12 months?

A

Infleunza

88
Q

How much sleep does a 3 month old baby have?

A

15 hours + many naps

89
Q

How much sleep does a 9 month old baby have?

A

14 hours + 2 naps (2-3 hours each)

90
Q

How much sleep does a 12 month old baby have?

A

13.5 hours + 1 nap (1-2 hours)

91
Q

After 4-6 months, a baby should be able to sleep for how many hours between feedings?

A

6-8 hours

92
Q

How to prevent an infant from aspirating?

A
  • Feed in upright position
  • Burp upright or prone
  • Avoid choking hazards
93
Q

How to prevent an infant from falls?

A
  • Never leave unattended

- Use gates and window guards

94
Q

How can you childproof your home?

A
  • Water heaters should be at or below 120 degrees F
  • Working smoke detectors/carbon monoxide monitor
  • Cover electrical outlets
  • Childproof locks
95
Q 
A nurse is talking to the parents of a 6-month-old about gross motor development.  Which skills are expected findings in the next 3 months? (Select all that apply)
A. Rolls from back to front.
B. Bears weight on legs.
C. Walks holding on to furniture.
D. Sits unsupported.
E. Sits down from standing position.
A

A, B, C, D

96
Q

How should a 2 year old be seated in a car?

A

In the back seat of a rear facing child seat

97
Q

A nurse is cautioning the parents of a 4-month-old about safety? Which statement indicates an understanding of safety by the parents?
A. “Our baby loved to play with his crib gym, but we took it away from him.”
B. “We just bought a soft mattress so our baby will sleep better.”
C. “Our baby really likes sleeping on a fluffy pillow we just got for him.”
D. We just bought a child-safety gate that folds like an accordion.”

A

A

98
Q

What is the treatment for a colicky baby?

A

Rhythmic movements, alternative positioning, reduce environmental stimuli, and provide tactile stimuli

99
Q

Inconsolable crying for 3 hours or more a day, usually late at night will go away by what age?

A

3 months

100
Q

Poor caloric intake can lead to

A

growth and developmental delays

101
Q

What puts an infant at risk for having health problems?

A
  • Parent with mental health issues
  • Lack of knowledge
  • Poverty
  • Neglect/abuse
  • Malabsorption disorders
  • Chronic illness
102
Q

How do you prevent an infant from having regurgitation problems?

A

B - burp frequently
E - evaluate feeding
R - reassure will get better
P - prevent aspiration

103
Q

All babies spit up so what needs to be ruled out?

A

GERD and pyloric stenosis (projectile vomiting)

104
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - when an infant exhibits apnea, change in color (pallor/cyanosis or redness), hypotonia, and choke/gag/cough

105
Q

What are some risk factors for SIDS?

A

GERD, respiratory infections, seizures, and UTI

106
Q

What are some nursing interventions for SIDS?

A
  • Prepare for tests (ECG, EEG, blood culture)
  • Monitor child
  • Teach parents CPR
107
Q

How to avoid SIDS?

A
  • Back to sleep
  • Prone to play
  • Avoid overheating, smoke exposure, and family bed
108
Q

Who are at high risk for SIDS?

A
  • Premies and low birth weight
  • Native/African American males
  • In utero, exposure to smoke and alcohol

Pediatrics (5 decks)

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