Chapter 3: Infancy Flashcards
1
Q
What age is infancy?
A
From birth to 1 year
2
Q
What is the average height of a newborn?
A
20 inches
3
Q
What is the average height of a 1 year old?
A
29 inches
4
Q
Why system is the fastest growing during infancy stage?
A
The central nervous system (CNS)
5
Q
Myelinization follows in what direction?
A
Cephalocaudul (head-to-toe), up to 2 years
6
Q
Where does a baby get immunologic protection from?
A
Maternal antibodies in utero or via breast milk
7
Q
When will a baby’s antigen-antibody response start maturing and can be triggered?
A
8 weeks
8
Q
When will a baby develop its own immunity?
A
9 months
9
Q
What position is a child measured in until 24 months?
A
Supine/recumbent
10
Q
An infant’s length is best measured by using a ____.
A
stadiometer
11
Q
What is the average length of a newborn?
A
20 inches
12
Q
What is the average length of a 1 year old?
A
29 inches
13
Q
At the end of the first year, the infant’s birth length has increased by ___%.
A
50
14
Q
How much will an infant grow in the first 6 months? Second 6 months?
A
About 1 inch then 1/2 inch
15
Q
What is the average weight of a newborn?
A
7-8 lbs (ATI: 6-9 lbs)
16
Q
An infant’s weight is _____ by 5-6 months and ____ by 12 months.
A
doubled; tripled
17
Q
What is the average weight of a 1 year old?
A
21-24 lbs (ATI: 21.5 lbs)
18
Q
After 1 year, how many pounds will a child’s weight increase by per year?
A
5-6 lbs per year
19
Q
After 1 year, how many inches will a child’s height increase by per year?
A
2-3 inches per year until puberty
20
Q
What does head circumference indicate?
A
Brain growth
21
Q
What is the average head circumference of a newborn?
A
33-35 cm
22
Q
In the first year, a child head circumference should have increased by?
A
10 cm
23
Q
A child’s head circumference will reach it’s full size of ____ by age ____.
A
55 cm; 5
24
Q
An infant will gain approx. how much weight per month during the first 5 months of life?
A
1.5 lb
25
What is the average weight of a 6 month old infant?
16 lb
26
The birth length of an infant will increase by ___% by the age of 12 months.
50
27
How much will an infant's head circumference increase by per month during the first 3 months? 4-6 months? Second 6 months
2 cm; 1 cm; 0.5 cm
28
When does the posterior fontanel close by?
6-8 weeks
29
When does the anterior fontanel close by?
12-18 months
30
What is the best position to palpate an infant's fontanel and why?
Upright because when they're laying down, fluid can go to their head and simulate a bulging fontanel.
31
How many teeth should erupt in infants mouths by 1 year of age?
6-8 teeth
32
When does the first teeth typically erupt?
6-10 months; average is 8 months
33
What are some indications of teething?
- Sucking or biting
- Drooling
- Irritable
- Have difficulty sleeping
- Mild fever
- Rub their ears
- Decreased appetite for solid foods
34
A head circumference that increases rapidly may indicate?
An increase in ventricular fluid and intracranial pressure (hydrocephalus)
35
A sunken fontanel indicates?
Dehydration
36
Vital signs of an infant is usually taken in what order?
Reverse - respirations 1st, then pulse, temp
37
Blood pressure is taken starting at what age annually?
3 years old
38
Where is the best location to take an infants pulse?
Apical
39
Radial pulse can be taken after what age?
2 years old
40
A pulsating anterior fontanel is normal?
True
41
What kind of heartbeat may be normal in kids?
Sinus arrhythmia with split S2 at 2nd left ICS
42
These critical milestones are reached at how many months?
- Smiles spontaneously - sees reaction
- Lifts head off mattress
- Opens hands
2 months
43
These critical milestones are reached at how many months?
- Rolls from back to side, no head lag
- Grasps objects with both hands
- Begins to reach but w/o success
4 months
44
These critical milestones are reached at how many months?
- Rolls from back to front
- Palmar grasp dominant hand
- Holds bottle
- Begins to sit up
6 months
45
These critical milestones are reached at how many months?
- Crude pincer grasp
- Dominant hand preference
- Sits well w/o support
- Pulls to standing
9 months
46
These critical milestones are reached at how many months?
- Tries to build a 2-block tower
- Places objects in containers
- Can turn pages of books
- Sits from standing
12 months
47
Lower central incisors are predicted to erupt by?
6-8 months
48
Upper central incisors are predicted to erupt by?
8-10 months
49
Upper lateral incisors are predicted to erupt by?
9-13 months
50
Lower lateral incisors are predicted to erupt by?
10-16 months
51
By age 2, a child is expected to have how many teeth?
18-24 teeth
52
What medication can you give to an infant that's teething?
- Tylenol or ibuprofen (do not give if <6 months) x 3 days only, if sleep/feeding is interrupted.
- Fluoride 0.25mg may also be given up to 3 years old.
53
When a finger is run laterally down the neonates spine, trunk reflexes, and pelvis swings toward the stimulated side. Disappears at 2 months.
Trunk incurvature
54
When head is turned while supine, extremities on same side extend out. Disappears at 3-4 months.
Tonic neck (fencing)
55
When finger placed in hands, baby grasps tight. Disappears at 3 months.
Palmar grasp
56
When cheek or edge of mouth is stroked, turns head in that direction & sucks. Disappears at 4 months.
Rooting/sucking
57
When lifted and suddenly lowered (or in response to loud noise) extremities extend to abduct while fingers spread to form a "C". Disappears at 4 months.
Moro (startle)
58
Stroke outer edge of sole of foot up toward toes which fan out and up. Disappears at 12 months.
Babinski
59
When held upright with feet touching surface, appears to dance or step.
Stepping
60
Language development and socialization by 2 months?
Ah's, eh's, social smile
61
Language development and socialization by 4 months?
Babbles, coos, gurgles, laughs
62
Language development and socialization by 6 months?
Smack lips, talks to self, recognizes name
63
Language development and socialization by 9 months?
pat-a-cake, knows "no"
64
Language development and socialization by 12 months?
"mama", "dadda", bye-bye
65
Cognitive development and play is an integral part of socialization process as it provides _____ and ____.
interpersonal contact; educational stimulation
66
Example of object permanence?
Peek-a-boo
67
```
The nurse is caring for an infant who will soon eat solid foods. The RN should inform the parent to introduce which foods first into the infant’s diet?
A. Stained yellow vegetables
B. Iron-fortified cereals
C. Pureed fruits
D. Whole milk
```
B
68
```
An 11-month-old infant enjoys picking up Cheerios one by one with the thumb and index finger and throwing them on the floor. This is an example of:
A. Egocentrism.
B. Pincer grasp.
C. Oral gratification
D. Reflexive activity
```
B
69
A nurse in a clinic would identify which infant as needing additional assessment of growth?
A. Precious, 4-month-old girl, birth weight 7 lb. 6 oz.; present weight 14 lb. 14 oz.
B. Ebony, 2 week-old boy, birth weight 6 lb. 10 oz.; present weight 6 lb. 11 oz.
C. LaRon, 6-month-old boy, birth weight 8 lb. 8 oz.; present weight 14 lb. 8oz.
D. Dionicia, 2-month-old girl, birth weight 7 lb. 2 oz.; present weight 9 lb. 10 oz.
C. (weight should have doubled)
70
A mother of an 8-month-old boy states that the family is vacationing at a beach house for the next 2 weeks. Which information should the nurse educate the mother about in relation to sun exposure? (Select all that apply)
A. Reapply sun lotions to all exposed skin every 4 to 6 hours.
B. Use sun lotions that protect against both UVA and UVB rays.
C. Have the baby wear child-sized sunglasses whenever he is in the sun.
D. Avoid exposing the child to the sun between the hours of 12 and 2 PM.
E. Dress the child in light-weight clothing that covers the majority of his skin.
B, C, E
71
```
An appropriate “finger food” for an 11-month-old infant is:
A. Crackers.
B. Raisins.
C. Lollipops.
D. Popcorn.
```
A
72
An infant should be breastfed/iron-fortified formula only until?
6-12 months
73
By 4 months, how many bottles a day should an infant drink?
4 bottles a day and no middle of the night bottle for better sleeping habits
74
You can prop a bottle or put an infant to sleep with a bottle. True or false.
False
75
An infant can start eating solid foods at what age?
4-6 months
76
Don't feed an infant eggs until what age?
9 months
77
What are the advantages of breast feeding?
- It provides passive immunity (IgA, WBC's to protect, against infection, lower risk of obesity, less OM)
- Brain development (high in linoleic acid and cholesterol)
- Digestibility (lipase breaks down dietary fat)
78
What indicates that an infant is having adequate fluid intake?
6-8 wet diapers per 24 hours
79
Adding fluids for the first 4 months can cause?
Hyponatremia and water intoxication
80
When can you introduce using a cup to an infant?
6 months
81
How much should 100% fruit juice be limited to?
6 oz. per day
82
At what age can you start weaning and switch from formula to whole milk?
1 year
83
At what age can you switch from whole milk to 2% milk?
2 years
84
What immunizations are given at 2 months?
DTaP, PIV, RV, Hib, PCV, Hep B
85
What immunizations are given at 4 months?
DTaP, IPV, RV, Hib, PCV
86
What immunizations are given at 6 months?
DTaP, IPV (6-18 months), RV, Hib, Hep B (6-18 months)
87
What immunizations are given at 6-12 months?
Infleunza
88
How much sleep does a 3 month old baby have?
15 hours + many naps
89
How much sleep does a 9 month old baby have?
14 hours + 2 naps (2-3 hours each)
90
How much sleep does a 12 month old baby have?
13.5 hours + 1 nap (1-2 hours)
91
After 4-6 months, a baby should be able to sleep for how many hours between feedings?
6-8 hours
92
How to prevent an infant from aspirating?
- Feed in upright position
- Burp upright or prone
- Avoid choking hazards
93
How to prevent an infant from falls?
- Never leave unattended
| - Use gates and window guards
94
How can you childproof your home?
- Water heaters should be at or below 120 degrees F
- Working smoke detectors/carbon monoxide monitor
- Cover electrical outlets
- Childproof locks
95
```
A nurse is talking to the parents of a 6-month-old about gross motor development. Which skills are expected findings in the next 3 months? (Select all that apply)
A. Rolls from back to front.
B. Bears weight on legs.
C. Walks holding on to furniture.
D. Sits unsupported.
E. Sits down from standing position.
```
A, B, C, D
96
How should a 2 year old be seated in a car?
In the back seat of a rear facing child seat
97
A nurse is cautioning the parents of a 4-month-old about safety? Which statement indicates an understanding of safety by the parents?
A. “Our baby loved to play with his crib gym, but we took it away from him.”
B. “We just bought a soft mattress so our baby will sleep better.”
C. “Our baby really likes sleeping on a fluffy pillow we just got for him.”
D. We just bought a child-safety gate that folds like an accordion.”
A
98
What is the treatment for a colicky baby?
Rhythmic movements, alternative positioning, reduce environmental stimuli, and provide tactile stimuli
99
Inconsolable crying for 3 hours or more a day, usually late at night will go away by what age?
3 months
100
Poor caloric intake can lead to
growth and developmental delays
101
What puts an infant at risk for having health problems?
- Parent with mental health issues
- Lack of knowledge
- Poverty
- Neglect/abuse
- Malabsorption disorders
- Chronic illness
102
How do you prevent an infant from having regurgitation problems?
B - burp frequently
E - evaluate feeding
R - reassure will get better
P - prevent aspiration
103
All babies spit up so what needs to be ruled out?
GERD and pyloric stenosis (projectile vomiting)
104
SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - when an infant exhibits apnea, change in color (pallor/cyanosis or redness), hypotonia, and choke/gag/cough
105
What are some risk factors for SIDS?
GERD, respiratory infections, seizures, and UTI
106
What are some nursing interventions for SIDS?
- Prepare for tests (ECG, EEG, blood culture)
- Monitor child
- Teach parents CPR
107
How to avoid SIDS?
- Back to sleep
- Prone to play
- Avoid overheating, smoke exposure, and family bed
108
Who are at high risk for SIDS?
- Premies and low birth weight
- Native/African American males
- In utero, exposure to smoke and alcohol
