Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FPSYCH > Chapter 4: Deception > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Deception Flashcards

1
Q

Dry Rice Test

A

Physiological method used by the Chinese to detect deception
- got them to suck on rice and if it came out dry the idea was that they were lying
- dry mouth = anxious = lying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What idea is polygraphy based on

A

That deception is associated with pysiological change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did William Marston do?

A
  • invented the lie detector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Polygraph Test

A

Device for recording someones autonomic nervous system responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LO1: What are some of the uses of a polygraph test?

A
  • help in criminal inverstigations
  • determine whether the crime occurred
  • insurance companies may use it to verify claims
  • assess and monitor sex offenders on probation (are they violating probation and/or committing crimes again?)
  • periodic testing of employees to see if anyone is stealing from the store
  • some police departments use it as a general screening tool
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What parts of the autonomic nervous system are measured by the polygraph test?

A

Heart rate, respiration, sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who can get polygraph test trained?

A

Police, military, intelligence personnel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Polygraph Disclosure Tests

A

Uncover information about an offenders past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is the polygraph test not a real lie detector?

A
  • measures physiological states
  • these states share a lot in common with many other states such as anger, anxiety, embarrassment, fear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

LO1: What are the two main types of polygraph tests?

A

1) Comparison Question Test
2) Concealed Information Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The Comparison Question Test (CQT)

A
  • most common in Canada
  • asks neutral questions along with questions about the crime itself and about past behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a comparison question

A
  • accusatory but not about the crime
  • about past behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Concealed Information Test (CIT)

(guilty knowlegde test)

A

Developed by Lykken (1960)
- guilty knowledge test
- not used to assess deception
- multiple choice questions
- idea that innocent people won’t react strongly to the answers (will react the same to all possible options)
- most common response: sweat
- very accurate at identifying innocent suspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some problems with the CIT test?

A
  • assumes someone who knows info of the crime will know the answer (suspect may forget details)
  • suspect may know about the crime from the media

may classify guilty as innocent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Q: In Canada, what is the most common use of the polygraph test?

A

Police investigations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Q: What type of test is used to uncover information about an offender’s past offending behaviour?

A

Polygraph Disclosure Test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Q: What does the polygraph measure?

A

Changes in blood pressure, respiration, and palmar sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Q: “During the first 20 years of your life, have you ever thought of cheating on an exam?” This is an example of what type of polygraph exam question?

A

A comparison question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Q: What has the comparison question test been criticized for?

A

Assuming that innocent suspects will show larger responses to the comparison questions as compared to the relevant questions

Innocent people can fail and guilty can pass

Relevant = about crime

Comparison = about past behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are lab studies used to test the accuracy of polygraph tests?

What type of tests do they usually use?

A
  • simulation of mock crimes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ground Truth

(about a suspect)

A

Who is truly guilty or innocent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the problems with lab studies?

(mock simulations used to study polygraph tests)

A
  • motivational and emotional differences between mock suspects and real-life suspects
  • mock suspects don’t have genuine reasons to try and “beat” the polygraph and aren’t scared to “fail” it either because there are no true consequences
  • doesn’t apply to the real world
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are field studies used to test the accuracy of polygraph tests?

A
  • real-life situations and actual crime suspects
  • compare the accuracy of original examiners and blind evaluators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the difference between an original examiner and a blind evaluator

A

Original examiner: conduct evaluation of suspect
Blind evaluator: only provided with what the results and are given no info on the suspect or the case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the problems with field studies?

(observing current cases)

A
  • ground truth unknown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which type of polygraph test is more likely to falsely classify innocent suspects as guilty? (false positives)

A

CQT (guilty)
- pretty good at identifying guilty suspects (84-92%)
- accuracy of original examiners higher than blind evaluators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which type of polygraph test is more likely to falsely classify guilty suspects as innocent? (false negatives)

A

CIT (innocent)
- very accurate at identifying innocent suspects (up to 95%)
- less accurate at identifying guilty suspects (76-85%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Countermeasures for CQT

(ways to beat the polygraph test)

A

techniques used to try and conceal guilt
- physical (biting your lip, pressing your toes on the floor, etc.)
- mental (counting backwards in your head, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Can psychopaths “beat” a polygraph test? Considering they show emotion differently or not at all?

A

Nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can CIT tests be affected by anti-anxiety drugs?

A

Nope
Examiner can tell if patient is on drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

LO2: Describe the research and scientific opinion about the polygraph

A

Conclusion:
- theoretical rationale is weak (there are many other reasons for physiological changes)
- validation studies have serious limitations
- no satisfactory field studies
- not scientific

32
Q

What did R. v. Beland rule about the admissibility of polygraph tests in Canadian courts?

A

Can’t be used as valid evidence in court

33
Q

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)

A

Brain activity measured by placing electrodes on the scalp and recording electrical patterns related to presentation of a stimulus
- detect underlying electrical activity in the cerebral cortex
- guilty suspects respond with a larger P300 response

34
Q

QQ: What is an advantage to ERPs?

A

It’s very difficult to try to “beat” or “fool” your responses while being tested

35
Q

QQ: According to fMRIs, which 2 areas of the brain are most commonly associated with lying?

A
  1. prefrontal lobe
  2. anterior cingulate cortex
36
Q

QQ: According to McCabe, Castel, and Rhodes (2011), which type of lie-detection test was associated with the most guilty verdicts?

A

fMRI lie detection

37
Q

What are some verbal characteristics of deception?

(6 points)

A
  • speech fillers (ah, um)
  • speech errors (repeating words, slipping up, etc.)
  • VOICE PITCH (liars have a higher pitch)
  • speaking more slowly
  • long pauses
  • amount of details (liars provide fewer details)
38
Q

What are some non-verbal characteristics of deception?

(four)

A
  • smiling
  • excessive gestures
  • body movements
  • shifting positions
39
Q

Why is gaze aversion not a very good indicator of deception?

A

liars will most likely keep stronger eye contact in order to make it seem more truthful

40
Q

Truth bias

A

Tendency for people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive

41
Q

Why do people think they can detect deception and why is it not true?

A

They are confident they can detect deception but it is mainly based on cues that are based on stereotypical liars that aren’t necessarily true

42
Q

What are two ways that disorders of deception vary?

A

1) whether the person intentionally or consciously produces symptoms
2) whether motivation is internal or external

43
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Conversion Disorder

A

A person has a neurological symptom (ex. paralysis, blindness) that can’t be explained by a medical condition
- unintentional symptoms
- psychological factors (ex. stress, conflict) initiate or exacerbate the symptoms
- no external incentive

44
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Factitious Disorder

A
  • making up illness or injury
  • no external incentive
  • intentional symptoms
  • will likely want to be tested
45
Q

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (DSM-5 calls it: factitious disorder imposed on another)

A
  • parents or caregivers falsify symptoms in their children (ex. purposefully overdose their kid for attention and sympathy at hospital)
46
Q

Malingering

A

Intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms for external gain/reward
- can be applied to any psychiatric or physical disorder (ex. milking it)
- caries in severity
- will avoid being tested
- external incentive
- intentional symptoms

47
Q

What are the 2 key components of malingering

A
  1. psychological or physical symptoms are clearly voluntary
  2. there are external motivations
48
Q

What are some criminal external motivations for malingering

A
  • avoid punishment (insanity plea)
  • want to be transferred to the psych ward for drugs, an easier sentence, or escape
  • avoid going to the military
  • financial gain from disability claims
  • admission to a hospital for free room and board
49
Q

Defensiveness

A
  • opposite of malingering
  • will deny that anything is wrong
50
Q

Rogers models of malingering: Pathogenic

A
  • lacks empirical evidence
  • exaggerates existing symptoms or creates symptoms to maintain/obtain control
  • people in bad circumstances are more likely to malinger
  • due to mental disorder
51
Q

Rogers models of malingering: Criminological

A
  • attempting to avoid legal punishment
52
Q

Rogers models of malingering: Adaptation

A
  • used in stressful situations or when personal stakes are high
  • creates symptoms to cope with situation
53
Q

What is the most probable model of malingering?

A

Adaptation model

54
Q

Simulation design for studying malingering and what is an issue with it?

A

People are told to pretend they have specific symptoms or a disorder (told to malinger)
- limited generalizability to the real world

55
Q

Nonclinical experimental study of malingering

A
  • doesn’t have the mental disorder that is being studied
  • malingers symptoms
56
Q

Nonclinical control

A
  • doesn’t have the mental disorder being studied
  • doesn’t attempt to malinger symptoms
57
Q

Clinical experimental study of malingering

A
  • has the mental disorder being studied
  • malingers symptoms
58
Q

Clinical control

A
  • has the mental disorder being studied
  • doesn’t malinger symptoms
59
Q

Known-groups design for studying malingering and a problem with it

A

research that compares genuine malingerers and people who are attempting to fake the disorder
- difficult to decide on the criteria to determine who is genuine vs who isn’t and everyone is different (this method is rarely used)

60
Q

What did David Rosenhan do?

A
  • studied malingered psychosis
  • studied accuracy of psychiatric diagnoses
  • sent people to fake mental disorders and saw whether they were able to get into the psych ward (they were)
  • investigated how the pseudo-patients were being treated
61
Q

What are some possible indicators of malingering?

A
  • overacting (thinking the more bizarre they look, the more crazy they’ll seem)
  • willing to talk about their symptoms where people with real diagnoses are more likely to keep quiet about it
62
Q

What does SIRS stand for?
What is it?

A

Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms
- 8 scales of strategies someone might use when malingering

63
Q

1) Rare symptoms

A

symptoms that true patients endorse infrequently

64
Q

2) Symptom combinations

A

atypical combinations/pairings of symptoms (uncommon)

65
Q

3) Improbable or absurd symptoms

A

similar to rare symptoms
- unlikely to be true since they are rarely seen in true patients

66
Q

4) Blatant symptoms

A

obvious signs of mental disorder

67
Q

5) Subtle sumptoms

A

symptoms that contain what most people consider to be everyday problems

68
Q

6) Selectivity of symptoms

A

ratio of endorsed vs not endorsed symptoms

69
Q

7) Severity of symptoms

A

number of severe symptoms reported

70
Q

8) Reported vs observed symptoms

A

disconnect between self-reported symptoms and observable symptoms

71
Q

dark tetrad personality traits

Subclinical Narcissism

A
  • egoism
  • dominance
  • self-centeredness
72
Q

dark tetrad personality traits

Machiavellianism

A
  • cynicism
  • strategic manipulation
  • exploitation of others
73
Q

dark tetrad personality traits

Psychopathy

A
  • callous nature
  • empathy deficits
  • impulsivity
74
Q

dark tetrad personality traits

Sadism

A
  • enjoying causing others psychological or physical harm
75
Q

How is a decision made from the CQT test?

A

innocent: wave is bigger for comparison question vs relevant question
guilty: wave is smaller for comparison question vs relevant question

this is because it it is assumed that there will be a bigger physiological response to comparison questions if the suspect is innocent

5+ = truth
5- = guilt

FPSYCH (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions