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2S03 > Chapter 4 - Codes in society > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Codes in society Flashcards

1
Q

Do monolingual countries exist?

A

NO.

- even a very unified country like german has many different language communities in it

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2
Q

What is Bilingualism

A
  • allows an individual to function at some level in more than one language
  • Same as Multilingualism
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3
Q

What is code switching?

A

Switching from one language to another

- Extremely common and normal for people who control more than one language

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4
Q

Is anyone monolingual?

A

NO. everyone controls multiple varieties of their native language

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5
Q

Choosing the right code is NOT the same as…

A

choosing the correct grammar

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6
Q

What is a balanced bilingual?

A

Equal abilities in multiple Ls - VERY RARE

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7
Q

What determines the code we select

A

The social context

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8
Q

typical interaction

A

Are called Domains

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9
Q

What are th 5 domains of typical interaction discovered by Joshua Fishman

A

Home, education, employment, religion, friendship

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10
Q

What is happening with Guarani in Paraguay

A
  • interesting multilingualism
  • half were bilingual (guarnani and spanish)
  • 40% monolingual Guarani
  • 10% spanish
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11
Q

What is the functional distribution in paraguay

A

Guarani - less formal situations - friendship, family, education
Spanish - More formal: Religion, employment, education
= NO competition called functional specialization

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12
Q

Bilingualism can lead to…

A
  • Language loss
  • Diffusion – certain features spread from one language to the other language
  • After many years even syntax can be affected
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13
Q

Which levels of languages are quickly changed? which are stubborn?

A
  • phonology is the easiest to change
  • morphology is stubborn but does change
  • syntax is the most resistant to change
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14
Q

Explain the Example in the village of Kupwar about how bilingualism affects languages

A

• 4 languages are spoken:
o Marathi (lowest class/caste) & Urdu (Muslims)
o Kannada (highest class/caste)
o Telugu (rope makers)
• Trilingualism is normal
• Consequence: convergence of varieties (syntax)
• Lexicon distinguishes varieties

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15
Q

who coined the term Diglossia

A

• Charles Ferguson

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16
Q

what are the 3 features of diglossia according to Charles Ferguson

A
  1. 2 varieties of the same L in the community, HIGH (h)-official L & LOW(L) - spoken at home
  2. They have Distinct functions (no overlap)
  3. No High language for everyday communication
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17
Q

Example of a diglossia

A
  • Everyone learns standard german (H) in school but they use swiss german (L) to talk to their family
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18
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Diglossia

A

1) Persistency
2) Functional Distribution
3) Prestige
4) Literary Heritage
5) All members learn (L) variety

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19
Q

Explain Persistency

A

– every diglossia is a societal arrangement that persists for several generations

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20
Q

Explain Functional Distribution

A
  • the functions that each language fulfills do not overlap so there is no competition between the languages
    ex. England after the Norman Conquest (english and French)
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21
Q

What did Jeffery Chaucer do?

A

broke the diglossia when he wrote a book in English not french

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22
Q

Explain Prestige

A
  • the high variety must have power while the low variety lacks said power
  • H language = codified
    ex. Swiss german doesn’t have same political power as standard german
    ex 2. mennonites use german bible but they don’t understand it
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23
Q

What is literary Heritage

A
  • because there is literature in that language, the high language is referred to as representing the language itself
24
Q

Give example of where all speakers must learn the LOW variety

A

Haiti : everyone knows the creole, not everyone speaks the standard L french

25
Q

What is a Leaking Diglossia

A
  • when there is one or two points that are not totally fulfilled
  • but it is more a diglossia than not
26
Q

how is diglossia associated with social distinction?

A

• Diglossia reinforces social distinctiono
E.g. Haiti – women are not given opportunity to learn standard French
- extending the high L is threat to power structure!

27
Q

What is a narrow diglossia

A

– Low is related to high

ex. standard german and swiss german

28
Q

What is a broad diglossia (fishman’s extension)

A
  • Low and high are not related

Ex. Paraguay (Guarani and spanish)

29
Q

What happens when there is contact b/w high and low

A
  • High lexical items in low variety

* Result = admixture of high vocab in low variety

30
Q

What is a Doublet

A

two words referring to the same object
o E.g. England (11th – 11th century):
- English spoken by farm people, French language of nobility
- Animals were given names by English farmers but once the meet reaches the higher classes they rename it

31
Q

What are the 4 possible mixtures of bilingualism and diglossia (since they aren’t the same thing!)
and examples

A

1) bilingualism and diglossia
- paraguay
2) bilingualism without diglossia
- modern Germany
3) Diglossia without bilingualism
- Arabic countries
4) neither
- monolingual parts of US

32
Q

What is Inter-sensational code-switching

A

changing codes “at sentence or clause boundaries”

33
Q

What is Intra-sentential code-switching (or as some scholars call it- code mixing)

A

switching mid sentence/clause

34
Q

What are the two types of code switching?

A

1) Situational (transactional)

2) Metaphorical (non-situational)

35
Q

Give an example of situational code-switching

A
  • E.g. hemnesberget
  • 2 varieties: Bokmal (official), Ranamal (casual- vernacular)
  • seeing a friend at a bank: as the topic changes from informal to formal, the situation changes and then the code changes
36
Q

What Metaphorical code-switching?

example?

A

when you want to emphasize something/ achieve a special effect, or to show your belonging to a group
Ex. Norwegian teacher delivering a lecture in Bokmal, then switching to Ranamal to encourage discussion (the subject stays the same but the tone of the conversation has changed)

37
Q

How can selecting a code be?

A

o Major identity marker that can be used as a tool to establish, cross or destroy social boundaries
o Symbol of power that can create, evoke or change interpersonal relations (refusing to code switch can determine relationship with other person)

38
Q

Who can selecting a code be used as a political expression?

example?

A

• To assert a right (demanding to be served in French in ontario)
• To resist some other power - Using Welsh in Wales
• To claim a political identity
,
-E.g. Russian in Ukrainian setting

39
Q

Give example of how code-switching can be used as a tool to express solidarity

A
  • E.g. re-creolized varieties in the UK
  • E.g. Puerto Rican community in NY – a mixed code became accepted and established.
  • E.g. Strasbourg (b/w Germany and france) – it’s a sign of local identity to switch b/w french and german
40
Q

What did Dominican American high school students do to establish identity?

A

They created a code that alternates b/w spanish and english

41
Q

What is Tag Switching?

A

• people don’t fully switch to the other L but use tags
- Tags: interjections, sentence filters (i.e. isn’t it)
• Tags are solidarity markers between two minority group members

42
Q

What is Quotational Switching

A

• Referential – switches codes to QUOTE another speaker

  • Creates the impression that those are the exact words that were
  • tells us something about their identity
43
Q

Is code switching uniform?

example?

A

NO, there is a lot of variation from community to community and within communities

44
Q

How does code-switching vary in a Puerto Rican community in new jersey?

A
  1. Code-switch freely both in everyday talk & formal meetings
  2. Speak only Spanish on formal occasions, code-switch in informal talk
  3. Speak mainly English , code witch with small children or neighbours
45
Q

What are some attitudes towards code-switching

A

• Puristic views - critical of code-switching
• Ex. Derogatory names:
-franglais, tex-mex, Spanglish
• Resistance to code-switching

46
Q

Code Switchers…

A
  • sophisticated knowledge of both codes
  • Aware of community norms
  • Is a source of pride
47
Q

What is the equivalence constraint model of code switching?

A

o If the two languages share points in their grammatical structure we can only code switch at that point but if they do not share strutures code-switching will not occur

48
Q

What is the Markedness Model? (Carol Myers-scotton)

A
  • Speakers have marked & unmarked choices
  • Marked choice is unexpected, unmarked is the norm
  • These choices vary by situation
    ex. Variety A is the unmarked choice when meeting someone, but once you know them you can switch to variety B
    e.g. English vs indigenous Ls in Nigeria
    • When pulled over code switching to English is a better strategy because it shows your status
49
Q

Is marked and unmarked the same as high and low?

A

NO

50
Q

What is the Matrix Language Frame Model (Carol Myers-scotton)

A

when you code switch the dominant -frame/matrix language provides the structure/syntax
- The dominated language (embedded language) provides the words/lexical items

51
Q

What is a matched guise test*

A

• A person is bilingual in both X & Y, he/she is judged when speaking X vs. Y while the listener doesn’t know they are the same person
-reveals social stereotypes about these languages

52
Q

What was lambert’s Study

A
  • Studied Perception of bilingual canadians by English canadians
    RESULTS:
  • EC males viewed Female french speakers as more intelligent, confident, courageous, sincere
  • EC females viewed Males speaking in English as taller, likeable, affectionate, greater sense of humour
53
Q

What is accommodation?

A

• Speakers try to accommodate to the expectations of others
• May be deliberate of unconscious
• Almost always a sign of solidarity
- reducing differences (u like them), increasing differences (don’t like them)

54
Q

divergent accommodation

A

• Increase differences

ex. recreolization

55
Q

convergent accommodation

A

• Decrease differences

ex. decreolization

56
Q

What is the Cost-benefit relationship

A

we give up something because we want something in return

57
Q

Why can accommodation be bad?

A

theoretically if every speaker accommodates to the more powerful group, their variety would die

2S03 (10 decks)

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