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AP 2 > Chapter 4 - Chromosomes and Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Chromosomes and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

A

heredity

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2
Q

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size

A

karyotype

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3
Q

two members of each pair of the 23 pairs are called

A

homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

22 pairs of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are called

A

autosomes

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5
Q

the 1 pair of the 23 pairs of chromosomes is called

A

sex chromosome ( x and y)

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6
Q

know what a karyotype looks like and what it is

A
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7
Q

describes any cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

diploid

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8
Q

describes cells containing half as many chromosomes as somatic cells; that is, sperm and egg cells

A

haploid

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9
Q

sperm and egg cells are called

A

germ cells

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10
Q

this restores diploid number to fertilized egg and somatic cells arise from it

A

fertilization

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11
Q

the location of particular gene on a chromosome

A

locus

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12
Q

different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

A

alleles

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13
Q
  • masks recessive allele
  • often produces protein responsible for visible trait
  • represented by a capital letter
A

dominant allele

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14
Q
  • represented by lowercase letter
  • often codes for nonfunctional variant of protein
  • corresponding trait only seen when recessive allele present on both homologous chromosomes
A

recessive allele

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15
Q

alleles an individual possesses for a particular trait

A

genotype

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16
Q

two types of genotypes

A

homozygous and heterozygous

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17
Q

individuals - two identical alleles for the trait

A

homozygous

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18
Q

individuals - different alleles for that gene

A

heterozygous

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19
Q

an observable trait

A

phenotype

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20
Q

a diagram showing possible genotype and phenotype outcomes from parents of known genotype

A

punnet square

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21
Q

an allele is _______ if it shows in the phenotype of an individual

A

expressed

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22
Q

they perform genetic testing and advise couples on probability of transmitting genetic diseases

A

genetic counselors

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23
Q

genetic makeup of whole population

A

gene pool

24
Q

more than two allelic forms of gene

Ex: ABO blood

A

multiple alleles

25
Q

both alleles equally dominant

Ex: AB blood

A

codominance

26
Q

heterozygous individual shows phenotype intermediate btwn traits each allele would have produced alone

ex: red flower + white flower = pink flower

A

incomplete dominance

27
Q

genes at two or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait

Ex: eye and skin colors; some cancers

A

polygenic inheritance

28
Q

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

A

pleiotropy

29
Q

this is a disorder resulting in mutation on chromosome 3 that blocks breakdown of tyrosine

A

alkaptonuria

30
Q

carried on x or y chromosome; tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other

A

sex linked traits

31
Q

why is color blindness more common in men than women

A

because men suck

just kidding…..

recessive color blindness allele on x, no gene locus for trait on y, so color blindness more common in men

32
Q

percentage of population exhibiting expected phenotype

A

penetrance

33
Q

these influence gene expression

ex: genes for melanin eye pigment can only be fully expressed if phenylalanine is in diet

A

environmental factors

34
Q

are dominant alleles more common in gene pool than recessive alleles

A

no, some recessive alleles are more common

35
Q

example of a dominant allele that’s rare in population

A

AB blood type

36
Q

field examining nongenetic changes that alter gene expression and can be passed to offspring

-gene expression is changed without genetic mutation to base sequence

A

epigenetics

37
Q

mechanism of epigenetic change in which methyl groups are added to DNA

  • often silences the gene
  • implicated in some forms of cancer
A

DNA methylation

38
Q

what kind of tumors cause cancer

A

malignant tumors

39
Q
  1. to give off cells that spread and seed the growth of tumors elsewhere
  2. what specific kind of tumor does this
A
  1. metastasize

2. malignant tumor

40
Q

slow growing, encapsulated tumors

A

benign tumors

41
Q

medical specialty dealing with tumors

A

oncology

42
Q

growth of blood vessels by energy-hungry tumors

A

tumor angiogenesis

43
Q

five types of cancers and where they are found

A
  1. carcinomas - in epithelial tissue
  2. lymphomas - in lymph nodes
  3. melanomas - in pigment cells of epidermis
  4. leukemias - in blood forming tissues
  5. sarcomas - in bone, other connective tissue or muscle

*know for test

44
Q

environmental cancer causing agents

A

carcinogens

45
Q

three types of carcinogens

A

radiation - UV rays, x rays
chemical - cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals
viruses - HPV, hepatitis C, type 2 herpes simplex

46
Q

what is the percentage of cancer that is hereditary

A

5-10%

47
Q

these cause cell division to accelerate out of control

A

oncogenes

48
Q

-mutated genes or silenced genes leave oncogene action unopposed

A

tumor-suppressor (ts) gene

-health tumor suppressor genes inhibit development of cancer

49
Q

what is this

A

karyotype

50
Q

what is this an example of

A

polygenic inheritance

51
Q

is A or B the primary tumor

A

A

52
Q

Is A or B the secondary metastatic tumor

A

B

53
Q

The malignant cell penetrates blood or lymph vessel - 1, 2, 3, 4

A

1

54
Q

Malignant cells travel to new sites - 1, 2, 3 or 4

A

2

55
Q

Traveling cells escape vessel - 1, 2, 3 or 4

A

3

56
Q

escaped malignant cells multiple and establish new tumors at new sites
1, 2 , 3 or 4

A

4

AP 2 (6 decks)

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