Chapter 4 Cell Structure and Function

Question 0

Most cells are much smaller than one _____________

Answer 0

millimeter

-some are as small as one micrometer

Question 1

______ _________ states all organisms are composed of cells and that cells come only from preexisting cells.

Answer 1

Cell theory

Question 2

Everything that enters or leaves the cell must cross the _______ ____________ that forms the cell surface

Answer 2

plasma membrane

Question 3

The smaller the cell the larger the ________ of the surface are to volume

Answer 3

ratio

Question 4

Small cells are likely to have an adequate ________ ____ for exchanging wastes and nutrients.

Answer 4

surface area

Question 5

All cells have

Answer 5

• plasma membrane
• nuclear region
• cytoplasm

Question 6

Organelle

Answer 6

-membrane bound sub cellular structures found only in eukaryotes

Question 7

prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

• lack a membrane-bounded nucleus
• structurally simple
• can be divided into two domains
  
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea

Question 8

Cell envelopes

Answer 8

-includes plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx
capsule-well organized compact layer
slime layer-diffuse layer

Question 9

Plasma membrane may fold in to form internal pouches (_________)

Answer 9

mesosomes

-not a true membrane-bound organelle

Question 10

Cytoplasm

Answer 10

-semifluid solution encapsulated by plasma membrane
(water, proteins, dissolved salts, ribosomes, etc)
inclusion bodies-stored granules of various substances

Question 11

Appendages

flagella-

Answer 11

-rotating filament for locomotion

Question 12

Fimbriae

Answer 12

-small bristles used to attache to surfaces

Question 13

Sex Pili

Answer 13

-hollow tube used in exchange of genetic material with other cells

Question 14

Organelles of ______________ _________ communicate with one another

Answer 14

endomembrane system

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

• contains chromatin (uncondensed DNA & protein) in semifluid nucleoplasm.
• separated from cytoplasm by double-membrane nuclear envelope
  
  • nuclear pores permit passage in and out of the nucleus

Question 16

nucleolus

Answer 16

-site of manufacture of ribosomes, move to cytoplasm

Question 17

ribosomes

Answer 17

• make proteins from instructions coded in the DNA of the chromosomes
• RNA and proteins

Question 18

Ribosomes are composed of large and small subunits that serve in ______ ________

Answer 18

protein synthesis

Question 19

Endomembrane system consists of nuclear envelope, membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and several types of ________

Answer 19

vesicles

Question 20

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 20

• produces enormous variety of molecules for the cell
• Rough E.R-studded with ribosomes
• Smooth E.R-no ribosomes

Question 21

Rough E.R

Answer 21

• makes proteins and other substances

- makes new plasma membrane

Question 22

Smooth E.R

Answer 22

-makes lipids, including steroids

molecules may leave the ER in transport vesicles, which bud off from the membrane of the ER

Question 23

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 23

• consists of flattened, curved saccules
• works in partnership with the ER
• Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells

Question 24

Lysosomes (not found in plants)

Answer 24

• Membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus

- contains digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules (hydrolysis)

Question 25

Peroxisomes are membrane-bounded vesicles that enclose enzymes.

Answer 25

• enzymes are cell-specific

- all make H2O2, often from the oxidation of lipids

Question 26

Vacuoles are membranous sacs that are larger than vesicles

Answer 26

• stores substances
• Plant cells typically have a central vacuole that functions in storage of nutrients and waste products
• Many protists have a contractile vacuole that rids the cell of excess water

Question 27

Chloroplasts use solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates-found in plants and some protists

Answer 27

-Photosynthesis:stores light energy in glucose

Question 28

Cellular Respiration-both plant and animal cells use this process to get the energy out of molecules

Answer 28

-Produces Adenosine triphosphate:used for all energy-requiring processes in cells

Question 29

Chloroplasts are partitioned by membranes into three major compartments

Answer 29

• outer and inner membranes
• within the inner membrane is the Stroma
  
  • The stroma is a thick fluid that fills the second compartment

Question 30

Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration

Answer 30

• found in almost all eukaryotic cells

* both plant and animal cells

Question 31

The mitochondria produces most of ATP utilized by the cell

Answer 31

• Cristae-inner memberane that encloses matrix

* Deeply folded to increase surface area

Question 32

Matrix

Answer 32

-has enzymes that break down nutrient molecules

Question 33

_____________ serves as internal skeleton that maintains cell shape and assists in movement of its parts

Answer 33

Cytoskeleton

Question 34

Actin Filaments

Answer 34

-movement
(two twisted chains of actin monomers
*Pseudopods & Cell Division

Question 35

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 35

-support
(Fibrous, thin, and rope-like
*supports membrane and cell-to-cell junctions

Question 36

Microtubules

Answer 36

-cell shape and organelle movement

smallest of the three, hollow cilinders

Question 37

Centrioles

Answer 37

-special organization of microtubules
(equivalent to a basal body)
9+0 pattern and are found at the base of cilia and flagella

Question 38

______ and __________ are hairlike projections with a 9+2 pattern of microtubules that aid in cell movement.

Answer 38

Cilia; Flagella

Question 39

In ____________, cilia are much shorter than flagella.

Answer 39

eukaryotes