Chapter 1 Flashcards
what is an atom?
the basic unit of matter with specific properties and interactions
What are the four major themes in biology?
- Emergent properties
- unity and diversity
- Evolution
- scientific processes
what is a molecule?
an integrated group of molecules that perform specific tasks for the cell in eukaryotes only.
what is a cell?
an integrated group of molecules and organelles, the basic unit of life, that performs tasks at the ultimate directions of Dna
what is a tissue?
an integrated group of cells that perform a specific task for the organ.
what is an organ system?
an integrated group of organs that perform a specific task for the organism.
what is an organism?
an integrated group of organ systems; an individual living thing.
What is a population?
an integrated group of individuals of one species, all interacting with one another
what is a species?
an integrated group of populations, integrated through their form, behavior and preferred living conditions, these all being the consequence of similar dna and reproductive isolation from other species.
what is a community?
an integrated group of all living organisms in an area, including many species and populations.
what is an ecosystem?
an integrated group of all living organisms in an area, plus the physical components that affect them.
biomes and aquatic life systems
an integrated group of terrestrial ecosystems all existing within a particular region and with a particular climate
aquatic life system: an integrated group of marine or freshwater ecosystems all existing within a particular area of aquatic environments
what are emergent properties?
each level of organization is more complex and has properties beyond the preceding level.
what are the two major types of cells?
- prokaryotic
- eukaryotic
- a cellular (not cellular) viruses dont have what it takes to be a cell.
bacteria
unicellular prokaryotes
archaea
- unicellular prokaryotes
* Extreme aquatic environments
Eukarya
- Eukaryotes
* Both unicellular and multicellular
the three domains of life
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
What is taxonomy?
- the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.
- from least inclusive to most inclusive
- species, genius, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
mnemonic for taxonomic levels
dr king philip can order family gems sold
Prokaryotic cell
- simple and contains no organelles
* membrane bound structures that perform specific cellular tasks
Eukaryotic cell
- more complex and contains organelles
* the nucleus is the largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells
Binomial
- two names
- first word represents genus
- second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus
herbivores
-eat plants
carnivore
-meats
decomposers
-fungi and bacteria
what is homeostasis?
control of internal environment
metabolism
-encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
the sun is the ultimate source of ________ for nearly all life on the planet.
Energy
Human beings _________ on healthy ecosystems for food, medicines, other raw materials, as well as the benefits of various ecosystem processes.
Depend
Biodiversity
is the total number of species, the variability of their genes, and the ecosystems in which they live.
Extinction
is the death of a species or larger taxonomic group.
what is dna?
instructions for conducting internal processes
-reproduction
In most ____________ organisms, reproduction begins with the union of two gametes from different individuals.
multicellular
what are genes?
the units of inheritance that transmit formation from parents to offspring
language of DNA
contains just four letters
- A,G,C,T
Unity
- same basic elements
- same biochemical reactions
- common structures
- common processes
diversity
- within species
- among species
decent with modification
-new species arise as descendants from ancestral species, but with new characteristics
natural selection
- a mechanism that explains how new types of characters evolve
- explains how organisms become adapted to their environment
Darwin’s theory
- as populations separated by a geographic barrier adapted to local environments, they became separate species
- they evolved new derived characters (adaptions) which made them a new species
Darwin synthesized the concept of natural selection for observations that were neither __________ or __________
profound, original
The inescapable conclusion:
- Fact: Overproduction and struggle for existence
- Fact: Individual variation
- unequal reproductive succes
Three requirements for Evolution by Natural selection:
- There is a struggle for existence.
- There is heritable variation.
- The heritable variation influences the struggle.
- Then evolution by natural selection will occur
Heritable Variation
- Individuals traits are determined by DNA
- The offspring contains a new set of alleles thats a combination of a set from the mother and a set from the father
_________ in the offspring are passed down, or ___________ from the parents
Traits, inherited
Differential Reproduction
-if any of the traits in the parental generation allowed individuals to survive better or to produce more offspring than others
what is evolution
-change in a population’s genes thru successive generations
what is natural selection?
-the mechanism of evolution
adaptation
-any modification that makes an organism suited to its way of life.
The unity of characteristics between dif. types of organisms suggests that all living things are descended from a _________ ____________
common ancestor
what is artificial selection?
the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans
what is evolution?
is one of biology’s best demonstrated, most comprehensive, and longest lasting theories
-underlying theme of biology
observation
-any phenomenon can be more fully understood by observation.
hypothesis
-use of inductive reasoning to form an explanation for the observed phenomenon.
experiments
- use of inductive reasoning to form an appropriate experimental design.
- control group
- model
Data
- observable, objective results of an experiment.
* The greater the variance in the data, the greater the probability of error.
Conclusion
Data must be analyzed in order to reach a conclusion as to whether or not the hypothesis is supported.
Findings must be reported in scientific __________ so methodology and data are open for ___________ and ____________.
journals, inspection, repitition
Scientific Theory- joins together two or more related hypotheses.
- Supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.
- Explains all known observations/facts/data
Scientific Principle/Law- Theory or set of theories, generally accepted by an overwhelming number of scientists.
-Explains patterns observed or describes what happens in nature
Experimental Variable
-Factor of the experiment being tested.
Dependent Variable
-Result that occurs due to the experimental variable
A good experiment ___________ for all other factors and variables, so that the experimental variable is the only difference between the control group and the experimental group.
Controls
