Chapter 3 organic molecules Flashcards
organic molecules
- contain C-C bonds or C-H bonds
- contain both carbon and hydrogen
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Organic chemistry
-the study of carbon compounds
Inorganic-Nonliving
- any molecule without C-C or C-H bonds
- Examples NaCl, H2O, CO2
Carbon atoms a total of __ electrons, with only ___ in the outer shell.
6 electrons, 4
Carbon atoms are very ______ as it can bond with up to ____ different elements.
diverse, four
Carbon can use its bonds to…
- attach to other carbons
- form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons
Hydrocarbons
- chains of carbon bonded only to hydrogen atoms
- simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4)
Larger hydrocarbons
-the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars
The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide _____ for our bodies
Energy
Unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its _______ _________ but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton.
carbon skeleton.
what is a functional group?
-specific combinations of bonded atoms that always react in the same manner, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton
Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape that ________ its function in an organism.
defines
The shape, polarity, and other properties of molecules are determined by
-which isomer it is
macromolecules
-proteins, dna
-large size
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
nucleic acids
Polymers are made by
stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
dehydration synthesis
-removal or a water molecule by an enzyme
dehydration synthesis
-removes a molecule of water from the reactants
___________ also have to break down macromolecules.
organisms
hydrolysis
-addition of water molecule by an enzyme
four categories of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids (&fats)
- proteins
- nucleic acids
Carbohydrates are used as…
immediate energy sources.
what is a monosaccharide?
- single sugar molecule
* Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose
what is a disaccharide?
- contains two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction.
- sucrose
polysaccharides
- polymers of monosaccharides.
* starch, cellulose
Glucose is found in
sports drinks
fructose is found in
fruit
Honey contains both
The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are _______
isomers
Complex carbohydrates-
called polysaccharides
Plant cells store ________ for energy
starch
Animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide called ___________
glycogen
__________ is the most abundant organic compound on earth
Cellulose
Hydrophilic-
“water-loving”
lipids are a diverse group of molecules that have one thing in common…
they are hydrophobic or “water fearing”
-lack polar bonds and are not charged
lipids are _________ in water due to hydrocarbon chains.
insoluble
Triglycerides-
-Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule.
Glycerol contains…
three OH- groups (hydroxal groups)
Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule _____________
Triglyceride
Unsaturated fatty acids
- have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons
- contain C=C (double bonds)
saturated fatty acids
-have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons
A single triglyceride may have both
-saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Most __________ _____ have a high proportion of __________ fatty acids
animal fats ; saturated
Most _________ _____ tend to be low in saturated fatty acids and high in _____________ fatty acids
plant oils ;unsaturated
-liquid at room temperature
Phospholipids
- have two fatty acids and a polar phosphate group.
- hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to water.
Steroids
-have skeletons of four fused carbon rings
cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
Waxes
- long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol
- high melting point
- waterproof
a ________ is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
-protein
enzymes
-proteins that allow specific chemical reactions to occur
________ _______ are subunits (monomers) or proteins.
amino acids
-a central carbon atom with bonds to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH2, an acidic group COOH, and an R (remainder) group
peptide bond-
-covalent bond between two amino acids
A peptide is two or more amino acids bonded together.
polypeptide
-chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds
primary structure
-sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
-polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion
The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes ________ _____ disease.
sickle-cell
secondary structure
-alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure:
- irregular loops and folds due to interactions among the R groups
- ionic bonds in acidic and basic R groups
- Hydrogen bonds with polar, hydrophilic R groups
- Hydrophobic groups cluster together on the interior of folds
- covalent bonds between sulfur-containing R groups
Quaternary Structure
-combination of two or more polypeptide units
protein folding diseases
- chaperones bind and prevent incorrect interactions
- mad cow disease is an example of a category of fatal brain diseases that could be due to misfolded proteins.
Nucleic acids
-are information storage molecules
Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions
- DNA
- RNA
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases
A G C AND T
Two strands of DNA join together to form a ________ _______
double helix
RNA
- its sugar has an extra OH group
- it has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) which goes in DNA
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- composed of adenine and ribose
- most of cell’s metabolism uses ATP as the energy source
