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Bio1000 > Chapter 3 organic molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 3 organic molecules Flashcards

0
Q

organic molecules

A
  • contain C-C bonds or C-H bonds
  • contain both carbon and hydrogen
    • Carbohydrates
    • Lipids
    • Proteins
    • Nucleic Acids
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1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

-the study of carbon compounds

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2
Q

Inorganic-Nonliving

A
  • any molecule without C-C or C-H bonds

- Examples NaCl, H2O, CO2

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3
Q

Carbon atoms a total of __ electrons, with only ___ in the outer shell.

A

6 electrons, 4

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4
Q

Carbon atoms are very ______ as it can bond with up to ____ different elements.

A

diverse, four

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5
Q

Carbon can use its bonds to…

A
  • attach to other carbons

- form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons

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6
Q

Hydrocarbons

A
  • chains of carbon bonded only to hydrogen atoms

- simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH4)

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7
Q

Larger hydrocarbons

A

-the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars

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8
Q

The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide _____ for our bodies

A

Energy

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9
Q

Unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its _______ _________ but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton.

A

carbon skeleton.

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10
Q

what is a functional group?

A

-specific combinations of bonded atoms that always react in the same manner, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton

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11
Q

Each type of organic molecule has a unique three-dimensional shape that ________ its function in an organism.

A

defines

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12
Q

The shape, polarity, and other properties of molecules are determined by

A

-which isomer it is

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13
Q

macromolecules

A

-proteins, dna
-large size
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
nucleic acids

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14
Q

Polymers are made by

A

stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers

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15
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

-removal or a water molecule by an enzyme

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16
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

-removes a molecule of water from the reactants

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17
Q

___________ also have to break down macromolecules.

A

organisms

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18
Q

hydrolysis

A

-addition of water molecule by an enzyme

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19
Q

four categories of macromolecules

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids (&fats)
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
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20
Q

Carbohydrates are used as…

A

immediate energy sources.

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21
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A
  • single sugar molecule

* Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

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22
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A
  • contains two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction.
    • sucrose
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23
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • polymers of monosaccharides.

* starch, cellulose

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24
Q

Glucose is found in

A

sports drinks

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25
Q

fructose is found in

A

fruit

Honey contains both

26
Q

The monosaccharides glucose and fructose are _______

A

isomers

27
Q

Complex carbohydrates-

A

called polysaccharides

28
Q

Plant cells store ________ for energy

A

starch

29
Q

Animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide called ___________

A

glycogen

30
Q

__________ is the most abundant organic compound on earth

A

Cellulose

31
Q

Hydrophilic-

A

“water-loving”

32
Q

lipids are a diverse group of molecules that have one thing in common…

A

they are hydrophobic or “water fearing”

-lack polar bonds and are not charged

33
Q

lipids are _________ in water due to hydrocarbon chains.

A

insoluble

34
Q

Triglycerides-

A

-Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule.

35
Q

Glycerol contains…

A

three OH- groups (hydroxal groups)

36
Q

Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule _____________

A

Triglyceride

37
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons
  • contain C=C (double bonds)
38
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

-have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons

39
Q

A single triglyceride may have both

A

-saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

40
Q

Most __________ _____ have a high proportion of __________ fatty acids

A

animal fats ; saturated

41
Q

Most _________ _____ tend to be low in saturated fatty acids and high in _____________ fatty acids

A

plant oils ;unsaturated

-liquid at room temperature

42
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • have two fatty acids and a polar phosphate group.
  • hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to water.
43
Q

Steroids

A

-have skeletons of four fused carbon rings

cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

44
Q

Waxes

A
  • long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol
  • high melting point
  • waterproof
45
Q

a ________ is a polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

A

-protein

46
Q

enzymes

A

-proteins that allow specific chemical reactions to occur

47
Q

________ _______ are subunits (monomers) or proteins.

A

amino acids
-a central carbon atom with bonds to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH2, an acidic group COOH, and an R (remainder) group

48
Q

peptide bond-

A

-covalent bond between two amino acids

A peptide is two or more amino acids bonded together.

49
Q

polypeptide

A

-chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

50
Q

primary structure

A

-sequence of amino acids

51
Q

secondary structure

A

-polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion

52
Q

The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes ________ _____ disease.

A

sickle-cell

53
Q

secondary structure

A

-alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

54
Q

Tertiary structure:

A
  • irregular loops and folds due to interactions among the R groups
  • ionic bonds in acidic and basic R groups
  • Hydrogen bonds with polar, hydrophilic R groups
  • Hydrophobic groups cluster together on the interior of folds
  • covalent bonds between sulfur-containing R groups
55
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

-combination of two or more polypeptide units

56
Q

protein folding diseases

A
  • chaperones bind and prevent incorrect interactions

- mad cow disease is an example of a category of fatal brain diseases that could be due to misfolded proteins.

57
Q

Nucleic acids

A

-are information storage molecules

58
Q

Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions

A
  • DNA

- RNA

59
Q

Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases

A

A G C AND T

60
Q

Two strands of DNA join together to form a ________ _______

A

double helix

61
Q

RNA

A
  • its sugar has an extra OH group

- it has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) which goes in DNA

62
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A
  • composed of adenine and ribose

- most of cell’s metabolism uses ATP as the energy source

Bio1000 (6 decks)

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