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Biology Exam 1 > Chapter 4: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

One of the fundamental concepts of Biology

A

Cell theory

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2
Q

All cells have at least 3 components in common. What are they?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA
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3
Q

A cell’s outermost membrane is called_____. A characteristic of this membrane is that it is selectively ______.

A

Plasma membrane

Selectively permeable

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4
Q

A jelly-like substance of water, sugars, ions, and proteins

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

A cell’s hereditary information that guides development and other metabolic functions

A

DNA

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6
Q

When a cell increases its size, it’s volume increases faster than its surface area

A

Surface-to-volume-ratio

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7
Q

All cell membranes are composed primarily of a

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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8
Q

Cell membranes are described as a fluid _______.

A

Mosaic

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9
Q

Why are cell membranes described as a “fluid” mosaic?

A

Because the phospholipids are not chemically bonded to one another

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10
Q

Why are cell membranes described as a fluid “mosaic”?

A

Because the cell membrane is a mixed composition of lipids and embedded/attached proteins

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of proteins associated with a cell membrane?

A
  1. ADHESION PROTEINS
  2. RECOGNITION PROTEINS
  3. RECEPTOR PROTEINS
  4. TRANSPORT PROTEINS
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12
Q

In a cell membrane, what is the function of adhesion proteins?

A

Help cells stick together in some animal tissues

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13
Q

In a cell membrane, what is the function of recognition proteins?

A

Identify “self” cells as well as foreign cells

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14
Q

In a cell membrane, what is the function of the receptor proteins?

A

Trigger a change in cell activity by binding substances to the cell membrane

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15
Q

In a cell membrane, what is the function of the transport proteins?

A

Passively or actively assist with the movement of ions or molecules across the membrane

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16
Q

What are the 2 smallest/simplest and most diverse forms of life?

A

Single felled bacteria and archaea

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17
Q

Protects and controls access to DNA

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Makes & modifies new polypeptides and lipids

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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19
Q

Modifies proteins and lipids, then packages the finished products and ships them out into the vesicles

A

Golgi body

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20
Q

Stores, transports, or breaks down their contents (includes central vacuole in plants)

A

Vesicles

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21
Q

Double-membraned organelles that produce ATP by aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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22
Q

Double membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis l, storage, or pigmentation

A

Plastids

23
Q

Fluid-filled vesicle that breaks down cellular wastes and debris, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleus acids, and lipids

A

Lysosome

24
Q

Enzyme-filled vesicle that Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and toxins

A

Peroxisome

25
Q

Fluid-filled vesicle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materialistic

A

Vacuole

26
Q

Assembles polypeptides

A

Ribosome

27
Q

Serves as an Anchor for cytoskeleton

A

Centriole

28
Q

Dynamic network of interconnected protein filaments that supports, organizes, and moves eukaryotic cells & their parts

A

Cytoskeleton

29
Q

Plant cells DO have a _________, _________, and _________; animal cells DO NOT

A

Cell wall, central vacuole, and chloroplasts

30
Q

The outer boundary of the nucleus which controls access to DNA; made up of 2 lipid bilayers

A

Nuclear envelope

31
Q

Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope

A

Nucleoplasm

32
Q

A dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled

A

Nucleolus

33
Q

Organized cluster of proteins that selectively allow proteins, ribosomal subunits, and RNA to move through the nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear pores

34
Q

Interacting organelles b/w the nucleus and plasma membrane that make, modify, and transport lipids and proteins, as well as recycle and dispose of waste

A

Emdomembrane system

35
Q

Modified proteins made by ribosomes attached to it

A

Rough ER

36
Q

Makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and fats, and inactivated toxins

A

Smooth ER

37
Q

Specialized plastic for photosynthesis in some Protista and plant cells

A

Chloroplasts

38
Q

Oxygen requiring reactions that occur inside the mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

39
Q

What are the 3 components of a choloroplast’s structure

A
  • stroma ( semifluid containing enzymes and chloroplast DNA)
  • 2 outer membranes
  • thylakoids (inner membrane system folded into flattened disks called grana)
40
Q

The best hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells.

Proposal that eukaryote organelles evolved from prokaryotes that took up permanent residence inside a host cell

A

Theory of Endosymbiosis

41
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Microfilaments
  3. Intermediate filaments
42
Q

Component of the cytoskeleton that’s Made of the subunits of the protein Tubulin ; assemble and disassemble

A

Microtubules

43
Q

Component of cytoskeleton;
Made of actin subunits;
In cell cortex, they serve as reinforcing mesh under a plasma membrane

A

Microfilaments

44
Q

Component of cytoskeleton;
Most stable of cytoskeleton
Lends structure and resilience to cells

A

Intermediate filaments

45
Q

Move cell parts; “walks” along the cytoskeleton fiber to assist transport

A

Motor proteins

46
Q

“False feet”;
Move the cell and engulf prey;
Elongating micro filaments force a bulge outward;
Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane

A

Pseudopods

47
Q

Secretion of eukaryotic organisms;

Mixture of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

48
Q

What are the 3 types of cell junctions in animal tissues?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adhering junctions
  3. Gap junctions
49
Q

Cell junction (animal)
Rows of adhesion proteins
Prevent fluids from seeping between cells

A

Tight junctions

50
Q

Cell junction(animal)
Adhesion proteins that anchor cells to one another
Prevalent in contractile tissue

A

Adhering junction

51
Q 
Cell junction (animal)
Closable channels 
Connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Permits water, ions, and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another
A

Gap junctions

52
Q

Plant tissues have ____ type(s) of cell junction(s)

A

One

53
Q

Cell junction (plant)
Extends across cell walls
Connects cytoplasm and ER of adjoining cells

A

Plasmodesmata

Biology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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