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Biology Exam 1 > Chapter 2-Life's Chemical Basis > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Life's Chemical Basis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A pure substance consisting of atoms with the same number of protons

A

Element

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2
Q

A group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

A

Molecule

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3
Q

Defines all elements by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus

A

Atomic number

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4
Q

The periodic table lists elements in order of their ___________.

A

Atomic number

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5
Q

An atom’s ______\__________ is the total number of protons plus neutrons in the atomic nucleus.

A

Mass number

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6
Q

_____________ can be used to identify different forms of the same element. (i.e. Isotopes)

A

Atomic mass

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7
Q

The number of protons/electrons/neutrons of an atom of a given element CAN change, but the number of protons/electrons/neutrons CAN’T change. (May choose more than 1)

A

Neutrons & electrons

Protons

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8
Q

Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry (have same atomic #, but different atomic masses)

A

Isotopes

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9
Q

Isotopes with an unstable nucleus

A

Radioisotopes

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10
Q

Energy and/or subatomic particles emitted as an unstable nucleus spontaneously breaks up

A

Radioactive decay

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11
Q

Detectable substances (not just isotopes) that researchers use to track biological/ geological processes.

A

Tracers

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12
Q

Help to visualize how electrons arranged around atoms, from the innermost orbital (or she’ll) outward

A

Shell model

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13
Q

Volumes of space around an atom’s nucleus

A

Orbitals

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14
Q

When an atom’s outermost she’ll has room for additional electrons (i.e., has vacancies) it is typically _____________.

A

Chemically active

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15
Q

Solitary atoms that have unpaired electrons in the outermost shell are called–

A

Free radicals

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16
Q

Attractive force that unites two atoms as a molecule when their electrons interact

A

Chemical bond

17
Q

Molecule that is composed of atoms from more than one element, the proportions of which are constant. (Ex: glucose is always C6H12O6)

A

Compound

18
Q

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

A 
Covalent bonds (strongest)
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds (weakest)
19
Q

Forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons

A

Covalent bond

20
Q

Forms when atoms share electrons unequally (ex: water)

A

Polar covalent bond

21
Q

Atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons

A

Ions

22
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms

A

Electronegativity

23
Q

Atoms that have Gained electrons are called ______ _____. Atoms that have lost electrons are called _____ _____.

A

Negative ions

Positive ions

24
Q

Strong mutual attraction that links ions of opposite charge

A

Ionic bond

25
Q

The separation of charge into positive and negative regions

A

Polarity

26
Q

Attraction that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom taking part in a separate covalent bond

A

Hydrogen bond

27
Q

Polar/Non-Polar molecules have a slight charge associated with part of the molecule, which allows hydrogen bonding even though the overall charge is neutral

Polar/Non-Polar molecules have no charge and cannot form hydrogen bonds

A

Polar

Non-Polar

28
Q

Extensive _______ bonding among water molecules gives liquid water several special properties that make life possible

A

Hydrogen

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of water as a result of hydrogen bonding?

A
  1. Excellent solvent
  2. cohesive
  3. Resists temperature change
30
Q

_________ substances resist dissolving in water

A

Hydrophobic

31
Q

The tendency for molecules to resist separating from one another because hydrogen bonds collectively exert a continuous pull on individual molecules

A

Cohesion

32
Q

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a liquid

A

pH

33
Q

The higher/lower the concentration of H+ ions, the higher/lower the pH

A

Higher

Lower

34
Q

Substance that releases hydrogen ions in a solution

A

Acid

35
Q

Substance that accepts hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions

A

Base

Biology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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