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Biology Exam 1 > Chapter 3-Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Molecules of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules are called ____

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Help cells stay alive, grow, and reproduce

A

Metabolic activities

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3
Q

The four molecules of life are:

They consist primarily of __________ and _________.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids

Carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

A molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms is called ______________.

A

Hydrocarbon

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5
Q

Many hydrocarbon chains are covalently bonded to one or more __________ _______ that impart a specific chemical property

A

Functional group

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6
Q

A subunit of larger molecules

A

Monomer

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7
Q

Consists of multiple monomers

A

Polymer

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8
Q

_____________ reactions build polymers

A

Condensation

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9
Q

__________ reactions release monomers

A

Hydrolysis

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10
Q

A chemical reaction in which an enzyme builds a large molecule (polymer) from smaller subunits (monomers) is called___________ and is also known as _____________ __________.

A

Condensation

Dehydration synthesis

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11
Q

A chemical reaction in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller subunits. The reverse of condensation.

A

Hydrolysis

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12
Q

The most plentiful biological molecules and are used by cells for energy and as structural materials

A

Carbohydrates

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13
Q

An organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

A

Carbohydrate

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14
Q

What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates in living systems?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Oligosaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
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15
Q

the simplest type of carbohydrates. (One sugar)

Have a backbone of five or six carbon atoms

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides (few sugars)

Often attached to lipids and proteins

A

Oligosaccharides

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17
Q

Consist of two monosaccharide momomers

A

Disaccharides

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18
Q

Chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers. Also called complex carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

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19
Q

Common polysaccharides include what 3 monomers?

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

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20
Q

All polysaccharides are made out of ________.

A

Glucose

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21
Q
  • main structural component of plants

* Chains of glucose monomers stretched side by side and stabilized into bundles by hydrogen bonds

A

Cellulose

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22
Q
  • main energy reserve in plants
  • coiled chain
  • covalent bonding pattern
  • differs from cellulose
A

Starch

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23
Q
  • main energy reserve in animals
  • highly branched chain
  • abundant in muscle and liver cells
A

Glycogen

24
Q

A durable, translucent, and flexible structural material in animals and fungi; similar to cellulose

A

Chitin

25
Q
  • Hydrophobic (nonpolar) organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
  • used by cells as major sources of energy and as structural material
A

Lipids

26
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
    • Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
    • Waxes
    • Steroids
27
Q

All polysaccharides are made out of ________.

A

Glucose

28
Q
  • main structural component of plants

* Chains of glucose monomers stretched side by side and stabilized into bundles by hydrogen bonds

A

Cellulose

29
Q
  • main energy reserve in plants
  • coiled chain
  • covalent bonding pattern
  • differs from cellulose
A

Starch

30
Q
  • main energy reserve in animals
  • highly branched chain
  • abundant in muscle and liver cells
A

Glycogen

31
Q

A durable, translucent, and flexible structural material in animals and fungi; similar to cellulose

A

Chitin

32
Q
  • Hydrophobic (nonpolar) organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
  • used by cells as major sources of energy and as structural material
A

Lipids

33
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
    • Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
    • Waxes
    • Steroids
34
Q

These type of fats have only single bonds linking the carbons and are solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fats

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35
Q

These type of fats have some double bonds linking the carbons and are liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fats

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36
Q

These type of fats are unsaturated, but straight like saturated fats

A

Trans fats

37
Q

In a cell membrane, ___________ are arranged in two layers called the _____ _______.

A

Phospholipids

Lipid bilayer

38
Q

What is the structural foundation of all cell membranes?

A

Lipid bilayer

39
Q

Complex, varying mixtures of lipids

A

Waxes

40
Q

Lipids with no fatty acid tails that consist of twenty carbon atoms arranged as four carbon rings

A

Steroids

41
Q

CHOLESTEROL IS A _________

A

Lipid

42
Q

Organic compounds that consist of one or more chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

43
Q

Proteins are also called _____________ because peptide bonds are used to link the amino acids

A

Polypeptides

44
Q

How many amino acids are there in total?

A

20

45
Q

__________ are the most diverse molecules of life

A

Proteins

46
Q

Small organic compounds that are the subunits of proteins

A

Amino acids

47
Q

Involves a covalently bonding amino acids into a chain ( I.e, polypeptides) linked by peptide bonds

A

Protein synthesis

48
Q

What are the 4 protein structures?

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Tertiary structure
  4. Quaternary structure
49
Q

Linear series of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; defines the type of protein

A

Primary structure

50
Q

Polypeptide chain that forms twists and folds as a result of hydrogen bonds

A

Secondary structure

51
Q

No adjacent regions of protein joined by covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonding among R-groups to create compact domains

A

Tertiary structure

52
Q

Two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together

A

Quarternary structure

53
Q

The chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next

A

Nucleic acids

54
Q

A single stranded chain of nucleotides

A

RNA

55
Q

A double stranded chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

56
Q

nucleotides are monomers of nucleus acids consisting of what 3 things?

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar
  2. nitrogen containing base
  3. Phosphate groups

Biology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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