Chapter 3-Molecules of Life Flashcards
All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules are called ____
Metabolism
Help cells stay alive, grow, and reproduce
Metabolic activities
The four molecules of life are:
They consist primarily of __________ and _________.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Carbon and hydrogen
A molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon atoms is called ______________.
Hydrocarbon
Many hydrocarbon chains are covalently bonded to one or more __________ _______ that impart a specific chemical property
Functional group
A subunit of larger molecules
Monomer
Consists of multiple monomers
Polymer
_____________ reactions build polymers
Condensation
__________ reactions release monomers
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction in which an enzyme builds a large molecule (polymer) from smaller subunits (monomers) is called___________ and is also known as _____________ __________.
Condensation
Dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which an enzyme uses water to break a molecule into smaller subunits. The reverse of condensation.
Hydrolysis
The most plentiful biological molecules and are used by cells for energy and as structural materials
Carbohydrates
An organic compound that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Carbohydrate
What are the 3 main types of carbohydrates in living systems?
- Monosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
the simplest type of carbohydrates. (One sugar)
Have a backbone of five or six carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
Short chains of covalently bonded monosaccharides (few sugars)
Often attached to lipids and proteins
Oligosaccharides
Consist of two monosaccharide momomers
Disaccharides
Chains of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers. Also called complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Common polysaccharides include what 3 monomers?
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
All polysaccharides are made out of ________.
Glucose
- main structural component of plants
* Chains of glucose monomers stretched side by side and stabilized into bundles by hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
- main energy reserve in plants
- coiled chain
- covalent bonding pattern
- differs from cellulose
Starch
- main energy reserve in animals
- highly branched chain
- abundant in muscle and liver cells
Glycogen
A durable, translucent, and flexible structural material in animals and fungi; similar to cellulose
Chitin
- Hydrophobic (nonpolar) organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
- used by cells as major sources of energy and as structural material
Lipids
What are the 5 types of lipids?
- Fats
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Waxes
- Steroids
All polysaccharides are made out of ________.
Glucose
- main structural component of plants
* Chains of glucose monomers stretched side by side and stabilized into bundles by hydrogen bonds
Cellulose
- main energy reserve in plants
- coiled chain
- covalent bonding pattern
- differs from cellulose
Starch
- main energy reserve in animals
- highly branched chain
- abundant in muscle and liver cells
Glycogen
A durable, translucent, and flexible structural material in animals and fungi; similar to cellulose
Chitin
- Hydrophobic (nonpolar) organic compounds that do not dissolve in water
- used by cells as major sources of energy and as structural material
Lipids
What are the 5 types of lipids?
- Fats
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Waxes
- Steroids
These type of fats have only single bonds linking the carbons and are solid at room temperature
Saturated fats
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These type of fats have some double bonds linking the carbons and are liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats
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These type of fats are unsaturated, but straight like saturated fats
Trans fats
In a cell membrane, ___________ are arranged in two layers called the _____ _______.
Phospholipids
Lipid bilayer
What is the structural foundation of all cell membranes?
Lipid bilayer
Complex, varying mixtures of lipids
Waxes
Lipids with no fatty acid tails that consist of twenty carbon atoms arranged as four carbon rings
Steroids
CHOLESTEROL IS A _________
Lipid
Organic compounds that consist of one or more chains of amino acids
Proteins
Proteins are also called _____________ because peptide bonds are used to link the amino acids
Polypeptides
How many amino acids are there in total?
20
__________ are the most diverse molecules of life
Proteins
Small organic compounds that are the subunits of proteins
Amino acids
Involves a covalently bonding amino acids into a chain ( I.e, polypeptides) linked by peptide bonds
Protein synthesis
What are the 4 protein structures?
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
Linear series of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; defines the type of protein
Primary structure
Polypeptide chain that forms twists and folds as a result of hydrogen bonds
Secondary structure
No adjacent regions of protein joined by covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonding among R-groups to create compact domains
Tertiary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains that are closely associated or covalently bonded together
Quarternary structure
The chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the next
Nucleic acids
A single stranded chain of nucleotides
RNA
A double stranded chain of nucleotides
DNA
nucleotides are monomers of nucleus acids consisting of what 3 things?
- 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogen containing base
- Phosphate groups
