Chapter 4 - Carbon

Question 1

What is a carbon and why is it important?

Answer 1

• Anything living has carbon in it.
• carbon is the backbone of life
  
  • protein
  • carbohydrates
  • DNA
  • Lipids
  • CO2

Question 2

What are the different types of carbon bonds?

Answer 2

Single, double, and triple bonds. Organic molecules often have carbon skeletons.

Question 3

What are isomers? How many types of structures are there?

Answer 3

• Same number of atoms
• Same elements
• Different structures will have different functions.

Question 4

Structural isomer

Answer 4

Has the same number of atoms (might be a different form) (look at slide show)

Question 5

What is the difference between a Cis and trans isomer?

Answer 5

Cis isomers have the “x’s” on the same side of the isomer while a trans isomer has the “x’s” on the opposite sides

Question 6

Enantiomers

Answer 6

Mirror images of an isomer. Same isomer but flipped (like left and right hand)

Question 7

What are functional groups?

Answer 7

Chemical groups that effect the shape and function of a molecule

Question 8

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 8

Historically compounds that contain carbon are said to be organic, and the study of them is organic chemistry.

Question 9

What are the Big 7 functional groups?

Answer 9

• Hydroxyl
• Carbonyl
• Carboxyl
• Amino or Amine
• Sulfhydryl
• Phosphate
• Methyl

Question 10

How do you determine a Hydroxyl group? And what are their functional properties?

Answer 10

When OH is attached to a molecule, it turns to alcohol usually ends in -ol.

Function:
Is polar; because it’s electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom.
Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping compounds such as sugars

Question 11

How do you determine a Amino or Amine group? What are their functional properties?

Answer 11

Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution

Usually Found when a molecule has an “N” attached.

Question 12

How do you determine a Carbonyl group? And what is their functional properties?

Answer 12

Usually found when you find a double Bond between a carbon atom and an oxygen atom.

A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties, as is the case for acetone and propanal.
Found in sugars giving rise ton two major groups of sugars: ketoses and aldoses

Question 13

How do you determine a Carboxyl group? And what are their functional properties?

Answer 13

Found when there is a double Bond between an oxygen atom and a carbon atom and a single bond between a carbon and a hydroxyl group.

Acts as an acid; can donate an H+ because the Covalent Bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar.

Question 14

How do you determine a sulfhydryl group? And what are their functional properties?

Answer 14

When you find a SH in a molecule

Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a Covalent Bond. This “cross-linking” helps stabilize protein structure.
Cross linking of cute ones I hair proteins maintains the curl ones or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be “permanently”curled by shaping it around Culver’s and then breaking and re-forming the cross linking bonds.

Question 15

How do you determine a phosphate group? And what are their functional properties?

Answer 15

When you find a “P” in a molecule with one double bonded oxygen and two - charged oxygens

Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing energy.
Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part.

Question 16

How do you determine a Methyl group? And what are their functional properties?

Answer 16

When you find a CH3 in a molecule.

Addition of a Methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes.
Arrangement of Methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function.

Question 17

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 17

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.