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HHP > chapter 4 blood > Flashcards

chapter 4 blood Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood contain

A

plasma
white blood cells
red blood cells
platelets

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2
Q

what are the blood cells suspended in plasma

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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3
Q

what is the function and structure of red blood cells

A

they are biconcave and have no nucleus
- increases room for haemoglobin and has a large surface area for efficient diffusion of oxygen into the cell
oxy - haemoglobin

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4
Q

what is the function and structure of white blood cells

A

protect the body against disease in immune system
lymphocytes - produce antibodies and antigens
phagocytes - engulf pathogens
larger and fewer then red blood cells

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5
Q

what is the function and structure of platelets

A

cell fragments that are needed for blood clotting

this prevents blood loss and entry of pathogens

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6
Q

what are the effects of anaemia

A

caused by lack of haemoglobin due to iron deficiency or internal bleeding and excessive blood loss in menstruation
less oxygen carried to cells therefore there is less aerobic respiration and less energy so they become tired more quickly

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7
Q

describe the process of blood clotting

A

a series of enzyme controlled reactions resulting in the changing of fibrinogen to fibrin which forms a network of fibres trapping blood cells and forming a clot

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8
Q

what are the four main groups of blood

A

a
b
ab
o

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9
Q

what is blood group o

A

the universal donor

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10
Q

why is blood typing needed

A

if the wrong blood type is given then the blood cells will stick together and clump which can be fatal
thi sis because blood groups are determined by antigens on the cell membranes of red blood cells, the immune system produces antibodies which attack the foreign antigens causing it to clump

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11
Q

blood group ab

A

antigens - A and B
antibodies - none
can donate blood to - A and B
can receive blood from AB, A, B, O

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12
Q

Blood group A

A

antigens - A
Antibodies - B
can donate blood to - A and AB
can receive blood from - B and O

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13
Q

Blood group B

A

antigens - B
antibodies - A
can donate blood to - B and AB
can receive blood from - B and O

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14
Q

Blood group O

A

antigens - none
antibodies - A and B
can donate blood to - AB, A, B, O
can receive blood from - O

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15
Q

how can plasma be used to treat patient due to burns

A

they dehydrate quickly due to their skin being damaged, the water evapourates from their cells and the plasma transfusion will replace the water and maintain the fluid balance in the body and provide other essential blood components

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16
Q

what do scientists in the national blood service do

A

determine blood type
ensure blood is free from transmissible disease
separate parts of the blood to make blood products for use in specific treatments

17
Q

what do physiotherapists do

A

enable people to recover from heart attacks and strokes

18
Q

what do the cells require

A

oxygen and nutrients

19
Q

what needs to be removed from the cells

A

waste products like carbon dioxide and urea

20
Q

what is the link between the pulse and the heart beat

A

the pulse is the pressure of the blood going into the arteries, the elastic walls stretch and spring back this action is the pulse

21
Q

what is the structure of the arteries

A

small lumen
thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
designed to deal with the high pressure of blood coming out of the heart

22
Q

what is the structure of the veins

A

large lumen
thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres
blood is forced back to heart as body muscles press against veins
have valves to prevent the back flow of blood

23
Q

what is the structure of the capillaries

A 
small lumen 
one cell thick 
allow soluble molecules to diffuse across wall and enter cells or allows soluble waste from cells back into blood 
provides large exchange surface
the capillaries are the exchange surface
24
Q

why do particular blood vessels contain oxygenated or deoxygenated blood

A

near the lungs or body - double circulation system

25
Q

describe the structure of the heart

A

double pump - muscular walls
four chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles
atria pump blood to the ventricles
ventricles force blood out of the heart
the right ventricle pumps deoxygentated blood to the lungs
the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
valves prevent backflow

26
Q

why does the blood change in composition and pressure as it passes through the major organs of the body

A

its at its highest pressure when its forced out of the ventricles, large arteries maintain pressure as they pulse
the blood branches out into small vessels called arterioles and the pressure decreases as it reached the capillaries
the blood flows more slowly in capillaries and allows time for exchange of food and oxygen

27
Q

what can cause a heart attack and stroke

A

blood clots in the brain and heart, they wont receive ocygen and will die which can cause brain damage

28
Q

what is cholesterol responsible for

A

artheroma - narrowing of blood vessels which increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes which could result in angina

29
Q

what is the natural heart rate controlled by

A

the pacemakes located in the right atrium

30
Q

what is a artificial pace maker

A

they are electrical devices to stimulate the heart to beat faster or more regularly

31
Q

who did the first transplant and how did it work

A

christain benard in 1967
survived for 18 days before dying of a lung infection
attach to a heart lung machine, this has a pump and a oxygenation system in order to circulate blood to all body cells in the operation - the blood must be kept warm and free from contamination

32
Q

how does and organ care system work

A

donor heart is placed in a sterile chamber which keeps the organ at body temperature
the blood from the heart donor is oxygenated and combined with nutrients and pumped into the heart through an aorta which keeps it beating
the blood flows through the heart and leaves via the pulmonary artery

33
Q

who is a successful heart surgeon

A

sir Magdi Yacoub - 2000 heart transplants

34
Q

what happens when you increase exercise

A

increase oxygen and glucose supply - heart beats faster and you breath deeper
increased carbon dioxide and heat removed
increased production of lactic acid

HHP (13 decks)

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