Chapter 4 - Birth and the Newborn baby

Question 1

Stages of delivery

Answer 1

Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of Cervix
Stage 2: Delivery of baby
Stage 3: Birth of placenta

Question 2

Dilation and effacement of cervix

Answer 2

As uterine contractions gradually become more frequent and powerful, they cause the cervix to open (dilate) and thin (efface), forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina

Question 3

Transition

Answer 3

The phase in which the frequency and strength of contractions are at their peak and the cervix opens completely

Question 4

Apgar scale

Answer 4

A scale doctors use, ratings of 0, 1, or 2 on each of five characteristics : heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color

Question 5

Natural/prepared childbirth

Answer 5

A group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience. Methods originally developed by Grantly Dick-Read in 1959, and Fernand Lamaze (1958)

Question 6

Fetal monitors

Answer 6

electronic instruments that track the baby’s heart rate during labor

Question 7

induced labor

Answer 7

one that is started artificially, usually by breaking the amnion, or bag of waters (usually occurs naturally, but not always) and giving the mother synthetic oxytocin, a hormone that stimulates contractions

Question 8

Cesarean delivery

Answer 8

a surgical birth, when the doctor makes an incision in the mother’s abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus

Question 9

Anoxia

Answer 9

inadequate oxygen supply

Question 10

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 10

Also referred to as hyaline membrane disease, happens when infants are born more than 6 weeks early. The air sacs in their lungs collapse and they have serious breathing difficulties

Question 11

Preterm infants

Answer 11

Infants born several weeks or more before their due date. Their weight may be approximate even so, depending in time spent in the uterus.

Question 12

Small-for-date infants

Answer 12

Infants that are below their expected weight, based on time spent in utero. Some are actually full-term, and some are preterm babies that are underweight. Often a result of poor nutrition on the mother’s part while pregnant.

Question 13

Infant mortality

Answer 13

The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births. Is an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nation’s children

Question 14

Neonatal mortality

Answer 14

The rate of death within the first month of life

Question 15

Rooming in

Answer 15

practice in many hospitals in which the infant stays in the mother’s hospital room all or most of the time

Question 16

Bonding

Answer 16

feelings of affection and concern for the infant

Question 17

Reflex

Answer 17

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

Question 18

Examples of reflexes in babies

Answer 18

• eye blink (reaction to strong light)
• rooting (instinct to nurse)
• sucking
• swimming (in water, instinct to kick/paddle)
• Moro (embracing reflex)
• Babinski (stroking foot, curling toes)

Question 19

States of arousal

Answer 19

degrees of sleep and wakefulness.

• Regular (NREM) sleep
• Irregular, (REM) sleep
• drowsiness
• quiet alertness
• waking activity and crying

Question 20

Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

Answer 20

also titled irregular sleep, during which brain-wave activity is remarkably similar to that of the waking state. The eyes dart beneath the lids; heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are uneven, and sight body movements may occur. REM sleep accounts for 50% of the newborn baby’s sleep time.

Question 21

Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep

Answer 21

also titled regular sleep, during which the body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain-wave activity are slow and even.

Question 22

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Answer 22

the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant younger than 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation

Question 23

Infant’s hearing

Answer 23

• beginning at birth, infant’s prefer complex sounds (noises and voices) to pure tones, listening longer to human speech than to similar non-speech sounds.

Question 24

Infant’s vision

Answer 24

The least-developed of all newborn senses. Cannot focus well and visual acuity is weak.

Question 25

Visual acuity

Answer 25

Fineless of discrimination

Question 26

Neonatal Behavioral assessment Scale (NBAS)

Answer 26

Evaluates the baby’s reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, responsiveness to physical and social stimuli, and other reactions.