Chapter 13 - Emotional and Social development, middle childhood

Question 1

Industry vs. inferiority

Answer 1

Erikson’s conflict in middle childhood: it is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.

Question 2

Social comparisons

Answer 2

Judgements made by children about their own appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others.

Question 3

Aspects of general self-esteem

Answer 3

• Academic competence: incl. language arts, math, other school subjects
• Social competence: incl. relationships with peers and parents
• Physical/athletic competence: incl. outdoor games and various sports
• physical appearance

Question 4

Mastery-oriented attributions

Answer 4

Made by children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation, they credit their success to ability - a characteristic they can improve by trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenges.

Question 5

Attributions

Answer 5

our common, everyday explanations for the causes of behavior

Question 6

Incremental view of ability

Answer 6

That an ability can improve with effort

Question 7

Learned helplessness

Answer 7

Children who develop this attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. When they succeed, they are likely to conclude that external factors, such as luck, are responsible.

Question 8

Person praise

Answer 8

Praise that emphasizes the child’s traits, i.e. “you’re so smart” or “you’re very artistic”. Children tend to not respond well to this kind of praise.

Question 9

Process praise

Answer 9

Praise that emphasizes the child’s behavior and effort, i.e., “you worked really hard” or “you figured it out”. This is the better form of praise, when compared with person praise.

Question 10

Attribution retraining

Answer 10

An intervention that encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort and using more effective strategies.

Question 11

Problem-centered coping

Answer 11

A problem solving technique; children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do with it. If problem solving doesn’t work, they turn to emotion-centered coping.

Question 12

Emotion-centered coping

Answer 12

A problem solving technique which is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome.

Question 13

Peer groups

Answer 13

Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers.

Question 14

Peer acceptance

Answer 14

Refers to likability - the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age-mates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner.

Question 15

Popular children

Answer 15

Are well-liked, get many positive “votes”

Question 16

Rejected children

Answer 16

Are disliked, get many negative “votes”

Question 17

Controversial children

Answer 17

Are both liked and disliked, get many votes, both postive and negative

Question 18

Neglected children

Answer 18

Are viewed either positively or negatively, and are seldom mentioned at all

Question 19

Average children

Answer 19

Receive average numbers of positive and negative votes

Question 20

Popular-prosocial children

Answer 20

Children who are both socially accepted and admired, combine academic and social competence.

Question 21

Popular-antisocial children

Answer 21

Children who include “tough” boys - athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority - and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring, excluding, and spreading rumors about other children.

Question 22

Rejected-aggressive children

Answer 22

Children who show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior.

Question 23

Rejected-withdrawn children

Answer 23

Children who are passive and socially awkward

Question 24

Peer victimization

Answer 24

In which particular children become targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse.

Question 25

Gender-sterotype flexibility

Answer 25

Overlap in the characteristics of males and females

Question 26

Gender typicality

Answer 26

The degree to which the child feels similar to others of the same gender

Question 27

Gender contentedness

Answer 27

The degree to which the child feels comfortable with his or her gender assignment, which also promotes happiness or unhappiness

Question 28

Felt pressure to conform to gender roles

Answer 28

the degree to which the child feels parent and peers disapprove of his or her gender-related traits.

Question 29

Coregulation

Answer 29

A form of supervision in which parents or caregiving adult exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment by moment decision making

Question 30

Divorce mediation

Answer 30

A series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict, including legal battles over property division and child custody.

Question 31

Blended, or reconstructed families

Answer 31

The term for divorced parents who remarry within a few years. Others cohabit, or share a sexual relationship and a residence with a partner outside of marriage. Parent, stepparent, and children form this new family structure

Question 32

Self-care children

Answer 32

Children who regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school hours

Question 33

Phobia

Answer 33

An intense, unmanageable fear developed by about 5% of school-age children.