Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years Flashcards
anoxia
lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage
APGAR scale
standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment
cell death
in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
cesarean deliviery
delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus
Denver Developmental Screening Test
screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally
depth perception
ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally
differentiation
process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions
doula
an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor
dynamic systems theory (DST)
Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment
ecological theory of perception
theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts
electronic fetal monitoring
mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery
fine motor skills
physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination
gross motor skills
physical skills that involve the large muscles
haptic perception
ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them
infant mortality rate
proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year
integration
process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
kangaroo care
method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth
lateralization
tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions
low-birth-weight babies
weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date
myelination
process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells
natural childbirth
method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the
mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery
neonatal jaundice
condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and
evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly
neonatal period
first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
neonate
newborn baby, up to 4 weeks
neurons
nerve cells
parturition
the act or process of giving birth
plasticity
- range of modifiability of performance
- modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience
postmature
a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the
mother’s last menstrual period
premature infants
infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation
prepared childbirth
method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social
support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain
reflex behaviors
automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
small-for-date (gestational age) infants
infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth
state of arousal
an infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity
stillbirth
death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant
systems of action
increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment
visual cliff
apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants
visual guidance
visual guidance Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage
anoxia
standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration
APGAR scale
neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
in brain development, normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning
cell death
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus
cesarean deliviery
screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally
Denver Developmental Screening Test
ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally
depth perception
process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions
differentiation
an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor
doula
Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment
dynamic systems theory (DST)
theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts
ecological theory of perception
mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery
electronic fetal monitoring
physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination
fine motor skills
physical skills that involve the large muscles
gross motor skills
ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them
haptic perception
proportion of babies born alive who die within the 1st year
infant mortality rate
process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
integration
method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth
kangaroo care
tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions
lateralization
weight of less than 5½ pounds (2500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date
low-birth-weight babies
process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, which enables faster communication between cells
myelination
method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the
mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery
natural childbirth
condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and
evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly
neonatal jaundice
first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence.
neonatal period
newborn baby, up to 4 weeks
neonate
nerve cells
neurons
the act or process of giving birth
parturition
- range of modifiability of performance
- modifiability, or “molding,” of the brain through experience
plasticity
a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the
mother’s last menstrual period
postmature
infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation
premature infants
method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social
support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain
prepared childbirth
automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
reflex behaviors
infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90% of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth
small-for-date (gestational age) infants
an infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity
state of arousal
death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation
stillbirth
sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment
systems of action
apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants
visual cliff
visual guidance Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
visual guidance
