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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 3: Forming a New Life > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Forming a New Life Flashcards

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1
Q

alleles

A

two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

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2
Q

autosomes

A

in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression

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3
Q

behavioral genetics

A

quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

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4
Q

canalization

A

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

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5
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

coils of DNA that consist of genes

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7
Q

concordant

A

term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

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8
Q

dizygotic twins

A

twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings

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9
Q

dominant inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed

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10
Q

Down syndrome

A

chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes (also called trisomy-21)

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11
Q

embryonic stage

A

second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs

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12
Q

epigenesis

A

mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

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13
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception

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14
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy

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15
Q

fetal stage

A

final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size

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16
Q

genes

A

small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

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17
Q

genetic code

A

sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells

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18
Q

genetic counseling

A

clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects

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19
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics

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20
Q

genotype-environment correlation

A

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences
to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active; also called genotype-environment covariance

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21
Q

genotype-environment interaction

A

the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the
reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

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22
Q

germinal stage

A

first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus

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23
Q

gestation

A

period of development between conception and birth

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24
Q

gestational age

A

age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

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25
Q

heritability

A

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

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26
Q

heterozygous

A

possessing different alleles for a trait

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27
Q

homozygous

A

possessing two identical alleles for a trait

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28
Q

human genome

A

complete sequence of genes in the human body

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29
Q

implantation

A

the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6

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30
Q

incomplete dominance

A

pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait

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31
Q

monozygotic twins

A

twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins, they are genetically similar

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32
Q

multifactorial transmission

A

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits

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33
Q

mutations

A

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics

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34
Q

niche-picking

A

tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype

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35
Q

nonshared environmental effects

A

the unique environment in which each child grows up,
consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another

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36
Q

obesity

A

extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile

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37
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics of a person

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38
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

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39
Q

proximodistal principle

A

principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities

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40
Q

reaction range

A

potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait

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41
Q

recessive inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait

42
Q

schizophrenia

A

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions

43
Q

sex chromosomes

A

pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male

44
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring

45
Q

spontaneous abortion

A

natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)

46
Q

stress

A
  • physical or psychological demands on a person or organism
  • response to physical or psychological demands
47
Q

temperament

A

characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations

48
Q

teratogen

A

environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

49
Q

ultrasound

A

prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.

50
Q

zygote

A

one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

51
Q

two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait

A

alleles

52
Q

in humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression

A

autosomes

53
Q

quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior

A

behavioral genetics

54
Q

limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics

A

canalization

55
Q

principle that development proceeds in a head-to-tail direction, that is, that upper parts of the body develop before lower parts of the trunk

A

cephalocaudal principle

56
Q

coils of DNA that consist of genes

A

chromosomes

57
Q

term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

A

concordant

58
Q

twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings

A

dizygotic twins

59
Q

pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed

A

dominant inheritance

60
Q

chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes (also called trisomy-21)

A

Down syndrome

61
Q

second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs

A

embryonic stage

62
Q

mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

A

epigenesis

63
Q

union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception

A

fertilization

64
Q

combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

65
Q

final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size

A

fetal stage

66
Q

small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

A

genes

67
Q

sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells

A

genetic code

68
Q

clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects

A

genetic counseling

69
Q

genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics

A

genotype

70
Q

tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences
to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active; also called genotype-environment covariance

A

genotype-environment correlation

71
Q

the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the
reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions

A

genotype-environment interaction

72
Q

first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus

A

germinal stage

73
Q

period of development between conception and birth

A

gestation

74
Q

age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

A

gestational age

75
Q

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

A

heritability

76
Q

possessing different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

77
Q

possessing two identical alleles for a trait

A

homozygous

78
Q

complete sequence of genes in the human body

A

human genome

79
Q

the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6

A

implantation

80
Q

pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait

A

incomplete dominance

81
Q

twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins, they are genetically similar

A

monozygotic twins

82
Q

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits

A

multifactorial transmission

83
Q

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics

A

mutations

84
Q

tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype

A

niche-picking

85
Q

the unique environment in which each child grows up,
consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another

A

nonshared environmental effects

86
Q

extreme overweight in relation to age, sex, height, and body type as defined by having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile

A

obesity

87
Q

observable characteristics of a person

A

phenotype

88
Q

pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

A

polygenic inheritance

89
Q

principle that development proceeds from within to without, that is, that parts of the body near the center develop before the extremities

A

proximodistal principle

90
Q

potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait

A

reaction range

91
Q

pattern of inheritance in which child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait

A

recessive inheritance

92
Q

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; symptoms include hallucinations and delusions

A

schizophrenia

93
Q

pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male

A

sex chromosomes

94
Q

pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring

A

sex-linked inheritance

95
Q

natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage)

A

spontaneous abortion

96
Q
  • physical or psychological demands on a person or organism
  • response to physical or psychological demands
A

stress

97
Q

characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations

A

temperament

98
Q

environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

A

teratogen

99
Q

prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally.

A

ultrasound

100
Q

one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

A

zygote

Developmental Psychology (5 decks)

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