Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Part 2 Flashcards
What are the structures of the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
What is the function of nuclear pores?
To let genetic material enter and leave the nucleus.
What is the structure of DNA?
5 carbon deoxyribose (sugar), nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.
How is DNA linked?
A phosphodiester bond forms a polymer.
What is the relationship between DNA, chromatin, & genes?
DNA is a long strand of genes. Nucleosomes are strands of DNA wrapped around histones, which help pack the DNA densely. Chromatins are a line of nucleosomes.
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
What are genes?
Functional organization of DNA
What is the promoter region
The “start” region
What is the terminator region?
The “stop” region.
What is transcription?
The process of forming an RNA copy of a gene sequence of DNA in the nucleus.
What structures are involved in Transcription?
RNA polymerase, DNA, and ribonucleotides.
What are the 3 steps of Transcription?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
What causes pre-mRNA to become mature mRNA?
Splicing and Capping
What is Translation?
The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried by the mRNA.
What is a start codon?
(AUG) signal to begin protein synthesis.
What are the required structures for Translation?
Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids.
What is a stop codon?
(UAA, UAG, UGA) where mRNA reading ends.
What are the 3 phases of Translation?
Initiation phase, Elongation phase, and Termination phase.
What are the 3 sites of the ribosome that are seen in Translation?
A site, P site, and E site.
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis is when a cell makes a copy of itself. Meiosis is when a cell makes a cell that can turn into a baby.
What are the 2 major phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitosis.
What are the phases of Interphase?
G1, S, G2
What happens during the phases of interphase
G1: cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated.
S: Chromosomes are duplicated
G2: The cell double-checks the duplicated chromosomes.
What are the phases of Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
