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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

Scientific theory describing properties of cells.

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic tenants of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
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3
Q

Describe a Prokaryote.

A

A cell with no membrane-bound organelles and single-stranded circular DNA.

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4
Q

What is an example of a Prokaryote?

A

Bacteria.

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5
Q

Describe a Eukaryote

A

A cell with membrane-bound organelles and DNA that can form chromosomes.

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6
Q

Example of a Eukaryotes?

A

Animal or Plant cells.

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7
Q

What are the membrane-bound organelles?

A

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Gogi apparatus, Lysomes, Perixosomes, and Mitochondria.

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8
Q

What are the nonmembrane-bound organelles?

A

Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centresome, and Proteasomes

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9
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Protein production.

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10
Q

What is the function of Smooth ER?

A
  1. Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids.
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism.
  3. Detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons.
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11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

The “Warehouse” of the cell
Modification, Sorting, Packaging.

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12
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Digestion.

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13
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

Detoxification/Digestion

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14
Q

What is the function of MItochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell.

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15
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Synthesis proteins

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16
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

A

Intracellular support, organization of organelles, cell division, and movement of materials.

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17
Q

What is the function of Centresomes?

A

Help is cell division (mitotic spindle)

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18
Q

What is the function of Proteasomes?

A

It gets rid of proteins that are defective.

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19
Q

What are the 3 main structural components of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm
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20
Q

What are the components of the Cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol and Organelles

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21
Q

What are the chemical components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids , and membrane proteins

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22
Q

What do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane?

A

Form the phospholipid bilayer.

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23
Q

What does Cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?

A

Maintains cell strength and temperature.

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24
Q

What do glycolipids do in the plasma membrane?

A

Make glycocalyx.

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25
Q

What are the 6 roles of membrane proteins?

A

Transport (channels, carriers, & pumps), Cell surface receptors (ligands), identity markers, enzymes, anchoring sites, and cell-adhesion proteins.

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26
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins? (Based on the protein’s relative location in the membrane)

A

Integral proteins (mostly glycoproteins)
Peripheral proteins

27
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane transport?

A

Passive and Active transport.

28
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and Osmosis.

29
Q

Does passive transport require energy? (Y/N)

A

No

30
Q

What are the 3 main types of Diffusion?

A

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and Carrier-mediated diffusion

31
Q

What drives passive transport?

A

The concentration gradient of a substance.

32
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Diffusion that relies on the concentration gradient alone to move molecules

33
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion that requires assistance from the plasma membrane to move a molecule.

34
Q

What is carrier-mediated diffusion?

A

A type of facilitated diffusion that requires assistance from a carrier protein to move a molecule across the plasma membrane.

35
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

36
Q

What is tonicity?

A

A solution’s ability to change a cell’s volume or pressure.

37
Q

What are the 3 levels of tonicity?

A

Hypertonic (crenation), isotonic, and Hypotonic

38
Q

What does it mean when a cell is Hypertonic?

A

It has fewer water molecules than it should have

39
Q

What does it mean when a cell is Hypotonic?

A

The cell has more water molecules than it should have

40
Q

Does active transport require energy (Y/N)

A

Yes

41
Q

What are the two types of active transport?

A

Primary and Secondary.

42
Q

What energy is used in primary transport?

A

The breakdown of ATP

43
Q

What pump does primary active transport use?

A

Sodium-Potassium pump (Na/K pump)

44
Q

How does secondary active transport work?

A

Uses energy provided by the movement of a secondary substance down the concentration gradient at the same time as the primary substance movement.

45
Q

What are symports

A

Proteins are used when 2 substances are moved in the same direction.

46
Q

What are antiporters

A

Proteins are used when 2 substances are moving in opposite directions.

47
Q

What are vesicles?

A

membrane-bounded sac filled with materials

48
Q

What are the two types of processes used in vesicular transport?

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

49
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Exocytosis is when a vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane to push material out of the cell.

50
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

When the cell membrane creates a vesicle to bring in outside material.

51
Q

What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.

52
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

When the cell engulfs a large particle external to the cell.

53
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

When a cell intakes fluids with small particles within it.

54
Q

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.

55
Q

What is clathrin?

A

A protein that coats the vesicle in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

56
Q

What are the 2 types of cell communication?

A

Direct contact between cells and Ligand-receptor signaling.

57
Q

What cells use direct contact for communication?

A

Immune cells, sperm and egg cells, and cellular regrowth following injury.

58
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors that bind ligands?

A

Channel-linked, Enzymatic, and G protein receptors

59
Q

Channel-like receptors permit?

A

Ion passage into or out of the cell.

60
Q

Enzymatic receptors?

A

protein kinase enzymes

61
Q

G protein-coupled receptors?

A

Indirectly activate protein kinase enzymes.

61
Q

What are the 3 major types of membrane junctions?

A

Tight junctions, Desmonosomes, Gap junctions.

62
Q

What are the differences between the 3 major membrane junctions?

A

Tight junctions completely attach cells to neighbors
Desmosomes hold cells together at a single point
Gap junctions are formed across intercellular space between cells

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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