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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Biology of the Cell Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

Scientific theory describing properties of cells.

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic tenants of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
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3
Q

Describe a Prokaryote.

A

A cell with no membrane-bound organelles and single-stranded circular DNA.

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4
Q

What is an example of a Prokaryote?

A

Bacteria.

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5
Q

Describe a Eukaryote

A

A cell with membrane-bound organelles and DNA that can form chromosomes.

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6
Q

Example of a Eukaryotes?

A

Animal or Plant cells.

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7
Q

What are the membrane-bound organelles?

A

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Gogi apparatus, Lysomes, Perixosomes, and Mitochondria.

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8
Q

What are the nonmembrane-bound organelles?

A

Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centresome, and Proteasomes

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9
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Protein production.

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10
Q

What is the function of Smooth ER?

A
  1. Synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids.
  2. Carbohydrate metabolism.
  3. Detoxification of drugs, alcohol, and poisons.
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11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

The “Warehouse” of the cell
Modification, Sorting, Packaging.

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12
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Digestion.

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13
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

Detoxification/Digestion

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14
Q

What is the function of MItochondria?

A

Powerhouse of the cell.

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15
Q

What is the function of Ribosomes?

A

Synthesis proteins

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16
Q

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

A

Intracellular support, organization of organelles, cell division, and movement of materials.

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17
Q

What is the function of Centresomes?

A

Help is cell division (mitotic spindle)

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18
Q

What is the function of Proteasomes?

A

It gets rid of proteins that are defective.

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19
Q

What are the 3 main structural components of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm
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20
Q

What are the components of the Cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol and Organelles

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21
Q

What are the chemical components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Glycolipids , and membrane proteins

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22
Q

What do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane?

A

Form the phospholipid bilayer.

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23
Q

What does Cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?

A

Maintains cell strength and temperature.

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24
Q

What do glycolipids do in the plasma membrane?

A

Make glycocalyx.

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25
What are the 6 roles of membrane proteins?
Transport (channels, carriers, & pumps), Cell surface receptors (ligands), identity markers, enzymes, anchoring sites, and cell-adhesion proteins.
26
What are the two types of membrane proteins? (Based on the protein's relative location in the membrane)
Integral proteins (mostly glycoproteins) Peripheral proteins
27
What are the 2 types of membrane transport?
Passive and Active transport.
28
What are the two types of passive transport?
Diffusion and Osmosis.
29
Does passive transport require energy? (Y/N)
No
30
What are the 3 main types of Diffusion?
Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, and Carrier-mediated diffusion
31
What drives passive transport?
The concentration gradient of a substance.
32
What is simple diffusion?
Diffusion that relies on the concentration gradient alone to move molecules
33
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion that requires assistance from the plasma membrane to move a molecule.
34
What is carrier-mediated diffusion?
A type of facilitated diffusion that requires assistance from a carrier protein to move a molecule across the plasma membrane.
35
What is Osmosis?
Passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
36
What is tonicity?
A solution's ability to change a cell's volume or pressure.
37
What are the 3 levels of tonicity?
Hypertonic (crenation), isotonic, and Hypotonic
38
What does it mean when a cell is Hypertonic?
It has fewer water molecules than it should have
39
What does it mean when a cell is Hypotonic?
The cell has more water molecules than it should have
40
Does active transport require energy (Y/N)
Yes
41
What are the two types of active transport?
Primary and Secondary.
42
What energy is used in primary transport?
The breakdown of ATP
43
What pump does primary active transport use?
Sodium-Potassium pump (Na/K pump)
44
How does secondary active transport work?
Uses energy provided by the movement of a secondary substance down the concentration gradient at the same time as the primary substance movement.
45
What are symports
Proteins are used when 2 substances are moved in the same direction.
46
What are antiporters
Proteins are used when 2 substances are moving in opposite directions.
47
What are vesicles?
membrane-bounded sac filled with materials
48
What are the two types of processes used in vesicular transport?
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
49
What is Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is when a vesicle from inside the cell fuses with the cell membrane to push material out of the cell.
50
What is Endocytosis?
When the cell membrane creates a vesicle to bring in outside material.
51
What are the 3 types of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
52
What is Phagocytosis?
When the cell engulfs a large particle external to the cell.
53
What is Pinocytosis?
When a cell intakes fluids with small particles within it.
54
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule.
55
What is clathrin?
A protein that coats the vesicle in receptor-mediated endocytosis.
56
What are the 2 types of cell communication?
Direct contact between cells and Ligand-receptor signaling.
57
What cells use direct contact for communication?
Immune cells, sperm and egg cells, and cellular regrowth following injury.
58
What are the 3 types of receptors that bind ligands?
Channel-linked, Enzymatic, and G protein receptors
59
Channel-like receptors permit?
Ion passage into or out of the cell.
60
Enzymatic receptors?
protein kinase enzymes
61
G protein-coupled receptors?
Indirectly activate protein kinase enzymes.
61
What are the 3 major types of membrane junctions?
Tight junctions, Desmonosomes, Gap junctions.
62
What are the differences between the 3 major membrane junctions?
Tight junctions completely attach cells to neighbors Desmosomes hold cells together at a single point Gap junctions are formed across intercellular space between cells

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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