CHAPTER 4 : BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Flashcards

1
Q

The water cycle distributes water among atmosphere,
biosphere, surface, and groundwater.

A

Material Cycles

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2
Q

what are the
essential elements that also move through biological, atmospheric, and earth systems (biogeochemical
cycles).

A

Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous

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3
Q

•The most familiar material cycle
•Most of the earth’s water is stored in the oceans

A

Hydrologic Cycle

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4
Q

Solar energy continually ___ the water, and winds distribute water vapor around the globe.

A

evaporates

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5
Q

Water that ___ over land surfaces, in the form of rain, snow, or fog, supports all terrestrial (land-based) ecosystems

A

condenses

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6
Q

Living organisms emit the moisture they have consumed through
___ and ___

A

respiration and perspiration

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7
Q

what is responsible

•for metabolic processes within cells,
•for maintaining the flows of key nutrients through ecosystems,
•for global-scale distribution of heat and energy

A

water

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8
Q

The ___ carried back to the ocean each year by surface
runoff or underground flow is the renewable supply available for
human uses and sustaining freshwater-dependent ecosystems.

A

40,000 km³

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9
Q

This cycle begins with the intake of carbon dioxide (CO2)
by photosynthetic organisms

A

Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

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10
Q

dual purpose of carbon for organisms

A

(1) it is a structural component of organic molecules, and
(2) the energy-holding chemical bonds it forms represent
energy “storage”

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11
Q

Photosynthesis produces plant cells from
carbon in the air (plus hydrogen and oxygen in
water). __ is eventually
released during respiration, closing the cycle.

A

Carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Processes that release carbon into the atmosphere are referred to
as ___

A

carbon sources (cellular respiration & combustion)

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13
Q

while ___ are processes that
absorb more carbon than they release

A

carbon sinks’ (forest and oceans)

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14
Q

The path followed by an individual carbon
atom in the carbon-oxygen cycle may
be quite ____, depending on how it is used in an
organism’s body.

A

direct and rapid

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15
Q

why is carbon dioxide is one of the so-called greenhouse gases

A

because
it absorbs heat radiated from the earth’s surface, retaining it
instead in the atmosphere

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16
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification
Assimilation
Ammonification
Denitrification

17
Q

NO3-

18
Q

NH4+

19
Q

it is the most important nutrient for proper growth and development
of plants because of its vital role in biochemical and physiological
functions (Leghari et al., 2016)

A

nitrogen cycle

20
Q

how many nitrogen are stored in the atmosphere

21
Q

bacterial activity is essential
before the plant can use nitrogen in a process called ___

A

nitrogen fixation

22
Q

Nitrogen cycle affects atmospheric concentrations of the three most
important human-caused greenhouse gases:

A

carbon dioxide,
methane, and nitrous oxide

23
Q

In natural ecosystems, nitrogen is often the ___.
When a nutrient is limiting,
adding more of it will increase
growth, e.g., it will cause plants to grow taller than if nothing
were added

A

limiting nutrient

24
Q

step by step process of water cycle

A

evaporation
condensation
precipitation

25
step by step process of carbon cycle
emission respiration decomposition combustion
26
step by step process of nitrogen cycle
nitrogen fixation nitrification denitrification
27
___ is a vital nutrient for plant growth and productivity. It is stored in rocks and found in the atmosphere only in small particles of dust
Phosphorus (P)
28
Phosphorus is a key component of molecules that store energy, such as ___
ATP, DNA and lipids
29
what means ATP
adenosine triphosphate
30
step by step process of phosphorus cycle
Weathering Absorption by plants Absorption by animals Return of phosphorous back in the ecosystem
31
Phosphorus is found in the rocks in abundance. That is why the phosphorus cycle starts in the earth’s crust. The phosphate salts are broken down from the rocks. These salts are washed away into the ground where they mix in the soil.
weathering
32
The phosphate salts dissolved in water are absorbed by the plants.
Absorption by plants
33
The animals absorb phosphorus from the plants or by consuming plant-eating animals.
Absorption by animals
34
When the plants and animals die they are decomposed by microorganisms
Return of phosphorous back in the ecosystem
35
The ultimate source of phosphorus
rocks
36
The phosphorus cycle is really a ___
one-way path
37
The release of phosphorus from rocks and mineral compounds is normally ___, but mining of fertilizers has greatly speeded its use and movement in the environment.
very slow