CHAPTER 3 : BIOSPHERE and the ECOSYSTEM Flashcards
___ is a single, living
thing and can be an animal, a
plant, or a microorganism, grow and respond to
their environment.
organism
examples of organism
cells
tissues
organ
organ system
organism
human
The term we use to describe
multiple individuals or organisms
of a single species that live within
a particular geographic area.
Population
The term used to describe two or
more populations of different
species that occupy the same
space at the same time.
Community
The term used to describe both
the biotic (living) and abiotic
(nonliving) factors in a system
ecosystem
•The term used to describe organisms
that occupy a certain area and are determined by the
primary vegetation type, the climate
of the area, and the geographic
location.
Biome
The term used to describe the
combination of every ecosystem
on the planet and includes all living
beings and their relationships.
Biosphere
Earth is our ___
Biosphere
• The term ___ was first coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.
•Life is sustained by the interactions of many organisms functioning together, interacting
through their physical and chemical environments.
• It is the functional unit of biosphere where the living organisms interact with
each other and the surrounding environment.
Ecosystem
3 types of ecosystem
Terrestrial ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystems
Ecosystem services
This type of ecosystem are exclusively land-based ecosystems.
Terrestrial Ecosystem
different types of terrestrial ecosystems
Forest Ecosystems
Grassland Ecosystems
Tundra Ecosystems
Desert Ecosystem
•Consists of several plants, animals and microorganisms that live in coordination with
the abiotic factors of the environment.
•Forests help in maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon
sink.
Forest Ecosystem
The classification is as per the respective climate
boreal, temperate or tropical
in temperate zones may have a flora of coniferous type,
deciduous type or a combination of both the types
forest ecosystems
in the tropics have the most diverse plant and animal
ecosystem than any other region on the earth. Here, trees grow tall and foliage
is dense and lush with a warm and humid environment, with species right from
the root level up till the canopy
rainforest ecosystems
___ are featured in the far north, with a rich population of the
coniferous trees, known as the taiga.
Boreal forests
The vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs
Grassland ecosystem
examples of grassland ecosystems
Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands
Temperate grasslands, savanna grasslands are found in savannas, steppes, and prairies, in the temperate and tropical regions.
They can exist in colder regions as well (Siberian Steppe) and
share a common characteristic: ___
semi-aridity
may be scattered along with the grass but trees are
almost non- existent. Grasslands are ideal for animal-grazing
flowers
___ ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold
climates or where rainfall is scarce.
These are covered with snow for most of the year.
Tundra ecosystem
___ are found throughout the world. These are regions with very
little rainfall. The days are hot and the nights are cold.
The most defining feature of this ecosystem is the amount of
precipitation it receives, which is the least as compared to any
ecosystem.
Desert
organisms that can be found in the desert
rocks, sand dunes, flora is very rare
but highly adaptive animal species, and insects
___ are ecosystems present in a body of water. These can be further
divided into two types, namely: freshwater and marine ecosystem
Aquatic Ecosystem
This type of aquatic ecosystem have no salt content
freshwater ecosystem
seas and oceans belongs to what type of aquatic ecosystem
marine ecosystem
lakes, ponds, rivers, streams and wetlands belongs to what type of aquatic ecosystem
freshwater ecosystem
This type of aquatic ecosystem have more substantial salt content and greater biodiversity in comparison to the freshwater ecosystem.
marine ecosystem
___ are the multitude of benefits that nature provides to society (FAO,
2021) and making people aware of these benefits may encourage
them to design better habitat management (Richards et al., 2017).
Ecosystem Services
in what way individuals in a community interact in an ecosystem
by feeding on one another
Energy, chemical elements, and some compounds are
transferred from creature to creature along ___, the linkage of who feeds on whom.
food chain
The more complex linkages
are called ___
food webs
A ___ consists of all
organisms in a food web that are the
same number of feeding levels away from
the original energy source.
trophic level
greek word of tropical level
trephein, meaning to nourish, thus the
“nourishing level”
In most ecosystems, what is the source of energy
sun
components of tropic level
autotrophs, heterotrophs
plants, algae, and certain bacteria
produce sugars through
the process of
___, using
only energy from the
sun and carbon dioxide
(CO2) from the air.
photosynthesis
from (self)
the words auto and trephein (to nourish), thus “self-nourishing”
Autotrophs
types of heterotrophs
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
decomposers
organisms that feed
on plants, algae, or photosynthetic
bacteria—are members of the
second trophic level
herbivores
___ or meat- eaters, that
feed directly on herbivores make
up the third trophic level
carnivores
Those that feed on both plant and
animals are the ___
omnivores
that feed on dead organic material,
are classified in the highest
trophic level in an ecosystem.
decomposers
why food webs are complex
because most
species feed on several trophic levels
how food web works
A species that feeds on several
levels placed in a category one
above the highest level it feeds on
