Chapter 4 attachment

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

A pattern of mutual engagement between care- giver and infant by which the caregiver maintains attention and responds warmly to the infant’s signals

Question 2

theories of attachment

Answer 2

-psychoanalytic
-learning
-cognitive developmental
-ethological
-

Question 3

ethological

Answer 3

• instincts; species-specific drives
• evolved and adaptive characteristics
• shaped by experience and learning
• critical and sensitive periods
• sensitive period: kids looking for some sort of in out to facilitate growth
• conrad lorenz and imprinting
• ducklings imprint on him

Question 4

molecular genetics

Answer 4

• identifying genes that might attribute to behavior
• most social emotional characteristics determined by interaction among many genes
• at the same time, a single pair of alleles may influence more than one trait
  (modifier genes can moderate how another gene is expressed)
• gene environment interactional model
  (environment affected differently depending only genotypes)

Question 5

Harlow

Answer 5

• interested in low, mother and infant love
• studied animals
• separated infant Rhesus monkeys from their mothers
• wired mother with food
• clothed mother
  (babies stuck to cloth mother most the time, go to wired mother to feed)
  (Changed milk bottle around to test but the monkeys stuck to cloth mother)
  (if both mothers had milk, they never went to wired)
  (infants need tactile comfort: soothing and help regulate arousal, feel safe and secure)

Question 6

Behaviorist view

Answer 6

• infants love mother because she is their source of food

- study proved that wrong and showed that comfort and security is a factor

Question 7

imprinting

Answer 7

• brief, critical period after birth

- attachment

Question 8

secure base

Answer 8

• starting point from which the infant can venture forth the explore the world and haven of safety to which he or she can return in times or danger or stress

Question 9

phases of early attachment

Answer 9

• preattachment
• attachment in the making
• clear cut attachment
• goal corrected partnership

Question 10

secure attachment

Answer 10

• sensitivity: prompt and appropriate responses to cues
• synchrony: smooth, reciprocal interaction
• positive affections
• mutuality: joint attention to same activity
• support: facilitating infant’s activities
• stimulation: frequent interactions
• consistent: rely positive involvement
  insightful: recognize motives, causes of emotions

Question 11

insecure avoidant

Answer 11

rejecting/ distant, or over stimulating

Question 12

insecure- ambivalent attachment

Answer 12

• inconsistent, alternate attentive vs disengage

- if I need to get a reaction from mom, i need to do something she can’t ignore

Question 13

insecure-disorganized

Answer 13

Child shows signs of disorganization (e.g., crying for parent at door and then running quickly away when door opens; approaching parent with head down) or disorientation (e.g., seeming to freeze for a few seconds).

Question 14

Preattachment

Answer 14

0-2 months

- indiscriminate social responsiveness

Question 15

Attachment in the making

Answer 15

2-7 months

- recognition of familiar people

Question 16

Clear cut attachment

Answer 16

7-24 months

- separation protest; wariness of strangers; intentional communication

Question 17

Goal corrected partnership

24 months on

Answer 17

24 months on

- relationships are more two sided; children understand parents’ needs

Question 18

Ainsworth

Answer 18

Strange Situation
Secure (B):
- Use parent as secure base
- 60% upset by separation; greets and soothed by return
- mother able to calm baby down, stranger cannot

Resistant/ Ambivalent (C):

• Proximity without exploration
• 10% upset by separation but not comforted by return; angry, resists contact
• wary of strangers

Avoidant (A):

• little contact with parents, not wary of stranger
• 20%
• turn away from parent at reunion

Disorganized. Disoriented (D):

• resistant and avoidant
• 10%
• confused, fearful of parent
• unsure of what to expect from parents

Question 19

link between caregiving and attachment

Answer 19

• Babies need close contact with their parents (or other primary caregivers)
• Babies need sensitive and responsive caregiving from their parents.
• Babies need parents with insight.
• Good caregiving continues to be important as children get older.
• Babies suffer from intrusive and irritable caregiving = insecure avoidant
• Babies suffer from unaffectionate and inconsistent caregiving. = insecure -ambivalent
• Babies suffer from neglectful and abusive caregiving = insecure–disorganized

Question 20

psychoanalytic perspectiive

Answer 20

the basis for the infant’s attachment to the mother is oral gratification

Question 21

learning view

Answer 21

the mother becomes a valued attachment object because she is associated with hunger reduction

Question 22

cognitive view

Answer 22

before they develop an attachment, infants must be able to differentiate between mother and a stranger and must be aware that the mother continues to exist even when they cannot see her.

Question 23

bowlby

Answer 23

stresses the role of instinctual infant responses that elicit the parent’s care and protection and focuses on the way the parent acts as a secure base.

Question 24

maternal bonding theory

Answer 24

suggests that the attachment the mother feels to her infant is affected by early contact between mother and newborn.

Question 25

how attachment develops

Answer 25

• learning to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people.
• babies develop attachments to specific people. These attachments are revealed in the infants’ protests when attachment figures depart and their joyous greetings when they are reunited.

Question 26

T or F: Infants reared in socially impoverished environments can have hormonal deficits that alter their social responsiveness and lead to attachment problems.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

A baby’s temperament can play a role in the quality of the infant–parent attachment but only in combination with the caregiver’s behavior.

Answer 27

true

Question 28

internal working models

Answer 28

provide a mediating mechanism that serves as a link between attachment and later outcomes.

Question 29

Parents’ internal working models of experience with their parents are likely to influence their parenting behavior and their infant’s attachment. Mothers and fathers classified as autonomous, dismissing, and preoccupied according to the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) are likely to have infants who are secure, avoidant, and ambivalent, respectively.

Answer 29

true

Question 30

T or F: insecurely attached infants are more likely to become secure than the reverse

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Support has been found for two explanations of attachment stability: The mediating experiences view suggests that continuity across time may be due to the stability of parents’ behavior and environmental conditions rather than the nature of earlier attachment patterns. The dynamic interaction process view suggests that children’s attachment histories modify how they perceive and react to changes in their family environment.

Answer 31

• mediating experiences view

- dynamic interaction process view

Question 32

mediating experiences view

Answer 32

suggests that continuity across time may be due to the stability of parents’ behavior and environmental conditions rather than the nature of earlier attachment patterns.

Question 33

dynamic interaction process view

Answer 33

suggests that children’s attachment histories modify how they perceive and react to changes in their family environment.