Chapter 3 Part 1 Flashcards
how are babies prepared
- from biological rhythms to social rhythms
- visual preparation for social interaction
- auditory preparedness for social interaction
- smell, taste, and touch
attunement
- cycle of mutual responsiveness between infant and mother
- ex. when a baby looks away, good mother respects the child’s need for time out by reducing their stimulation and waiting for the infant to resume the next cycle of activity
cerebrum
Allows us to have attributes that make us humans, such as sensory percetion, motor abilities, and memory
cerebral cortex
highly convoluted surface containing about 90 percent of the brain’s cell bodies
lateralization
the term used to indicate the specialization of each hemisphere for specific tasks
neuron proliferation
neurons multiply at a very rapid pace during the embryonic period
glial cells
- surround and protect the neurons
- structural support to the neurons, regulate their nutrients and repair neural tissue
neural migration
- ensures that sufficient number of neurons serves all parts of the brain. the absences of sufficient number of neurons in their proper locations is associated with various forms of mental disability and with disorders such as dyslexia and schizophrenia
synaptogenesis
formation of synapses between neurons
programmed neuronal death
- eliminates immature neurons surrounding new synapses
experience-expectant
applies to all members of the a species and critical for survival
experience-dependent
depend on experiences that are unique to individuals that is experiences encountered in particular families, communities, and cultures
- brain responds to these specific experiences by developing synaptic connections encoding unique experiences
mirror neuron
- key to sharing
- neurons that fire both when a person acts and when a person observes the same action performed by someone else
human behavior genetics
the study of the relative influences of heredity and environment on individual differences in traits and abilities
- focused attention on estimating genetic contributions to the array of individual differences in social behavior
heritability factors
- percentage estimates of the contribution that heredity makes to a particular ability or type of behavior
- depend on environmental influences too
methods of studying behavior genetics
- adoption
- twin studies
T or F: identical twins have more shared environments
true
T or F: fraternal twins and other sibling pairs have more non shared environments or separate experiences and activities than identical twins
true
models of genetic influence steps
- transmission of traits
- interaction among genes
- environment influences gene expression
- genetic makeup shapes the environment
- gene environment interactions
- gene environment feedback loops
reaction range
The range of possible developmental outcomes established by a person’s genotype in reaction to the environment in which development takes place.
passive gene-environment association
Environmentcreated by parents with particular genetic characteristics encourages the expression of these tendencies in their children
True or False: passive genetic effect, whereby parents’ genes influence their parental behavior and, in turn, their children’s behavior, would be present only in families in which the parents were raising their own biological children, not when children were being reared by unrelated adoptive parents.
this is an example of
true
-passive gene-environment association
evocative gene-environment association
People’s inherited tendencies elicit certain environmental responses.
T or F: the same set of genetic influences causes children’s antisocial behavior and provokes their parents’ negative behavior, leading to increased antisocial behavior in the adolescent.
this is an example of
evocative gene-environment association
