Chapter 3 Part 1

Question 1

how are babies prepared

Answer 1

• from biological rhythms to social rhythms
• visual preparation for social interaction
• auditory preparedness for social interaction
• smell, taste, and touch

Question 2

attunement

Answer 2

• cycle of mutual responsiveness between infant and mother
• ex. when a baby looks away, good mother respects the child’s need for time out by reducing their stimulation and waiting for the infant to resume the next cycle of activity

Question 3

cerebrum

Answer 3

Allows us to have attributes that make us humans, such as sensory percetion, motor abilities, and memory

Question 4

cerebral cortex

Answer 4

highly convoluted surface containing about 90 percent of the brain’s cell bodies

Question 5

lateralization

Answer 5

the term used to indicate the specialization of each hemisphere for specific tasks

Question 6

neuron proliferation

Answer 6

neurons multiply at a very rapid pace during the embryonic period

Question 7

glial cells

Answer 7

• surround and protect the neurons

- structural support to the neurons, regulate their nutrients and repair neural tissue

Question 8

neural migration

Answer 8

• ensures that sufficient number of neurons serves all parts of the brain. the absences of sufficient number of neurons in their proper locations is associated with various forms of mental disability and with disorders such as dyslexia and schizophrenia

Question 9

synaptogenesis

Answer 9

formation of synapses between neurons

Question 10

programmed neuronal death

Answer 10

• eliminates immature neurons surrounding new synapses

Question 11

experience-expectant

Answer 11

applies to all members of the a species and critical for survival

Question 12

experience-dependent

Answer 12

depend on experiences that are unique to individuals that is experiences encountered in particular families, communities, and cultures
- brain responds to these specific experiences by developing synaptic connections encoding unique experiences

Question 13

mirror neuron

Answer 13

• key to sharing

- neurons that fire both when a person acts and when a person observes the same action performed by someone else

Question 14

human behavior genetics

Answer 14

the study of the relative influences of heredity and environment on individual differences in traits and abilities

• focused attention on estimating genetic contributions to the array of individual differences in social behavior

Question 15

heritability factors

Answer 15

• percentage estimates of the contribution that heredity makes to a particular ability or type of behavior
• depend on environmental influences too

Question 16

methods of studying behavior genetics

Answer 16

• adoption

- twin studies

Question 17

T or F: identical twins have more shared environments

Answer 17

true

Question 18

T or F: fraternal twins and other sibling pairs have more non shared environments or separate experiences and activities than identical twins

Answer 18

true

Question 19

models of genetic influence steps

Answer 19

• transmission of traits
• interaction among genes
• environment influences gene expression
• genetic makeup shapes the environment
• gene environment interactions
• gene environment feedback loops

Question 20

reaction range

Answer 20

The range of possible developmental outcomes established by a person’s genotype in reaction to the environment in which development takes place.

Question 21

passive gene-environment association

Answer 21

Environmentcreated by parents with particular genetic characteristics encourages the expression of these tendencies in their children

Question 22

True or False: passive genetic effect, whereby parents’ genes influence their parental behavior and, in turn, their children’s behavior, would be present only in families in which the parents were raising their own biological children, not when children were being reared by unrelated adoptive parents.

this is an example of

Answer 22

true

-passive gene-environment association

Question 23

evocative gene-environment association

Answer 23

People’s inherited tendencies elicit certain environmental responses.

Question 24

T or F: the same set of genetic influences causes children’s antisocial behavior and provokes their parents’ negative behavior, leading to increased antisocial behavior in the adolescent.

this is an example of

Answer 24

evocative gene-environment association

Question 25

active gene-environment association

Answer 25

People’sgenesencour- age them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies.

Question 26

T or F: people who are genetically predisposed to be gregarious actively seek the company of other people and become involved in a range of social activities; individuals who are aggressive sign up for martial arts classes rather than the chess club

this is an example of

Answer 26

T

-active gene-environment association

Question 27

T or F: The environment plays a critical role in brain development. Enriched environments are related to increases in brain size, connections among neurons, and activities of key brain chemicals. Additional experience can also help reduce damage or defects in one area or hemisphere of the brain.

Answer 27

true