Chapter 3 Part II

Question 1

Temperament

Answer 1

-an individuals typical mode of response, including activity level, emotional intensity, and attention span, is referred to as:

Question 2

difficult babies

Answer 2

• sleep and eat irregularly
• easily upset by new situations
• extreme fussiness and crying

Question 3

easy babies

Answer 3

-friendly, happy, adaptable

Question 4

slow to warm up babies

Answer 4

• low in activity levels
• respond negatively to new stimuli at first
• slowly adapts to new objects and experiences

Question 5

temperament dimensions

Answer 5

• effortful control
• negative affectivity
• extraversion surgency

Question 6

effortful control characteristics

Answer 6

-attentional focusing, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure

Question 7

negative affectivity characteristics

Answer 7

-fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort

Question 8

extraversion surgency characteristics

Answer 8

positive anticipation, impulsivity, high activity level, and sensation seeking

Question 9

biological basis of temperament

Answer 9

• genetic factors

- neurological correlates

Question 10

consequences and correlates of temperament

Answer 10

• internalizing problems

- externalizing problems

Question 11

internalizing problems

Answer 11

Atypeofchildhoodbehaviorproblem in which the behavior is directed at the self rather than others, including fear, anxiety, depression, loneliness, and withdrawal

Question 12

externalizing problems

Answer 12

A type of childhood behavior prob- lem in which the behavior is directed at others, including hitting, stealing, vandalizing, and lying

Question 13

T or F: Temperament traits tend to be defined as narrower lower-level traits that are substrates of the Big Five personality factors—extraversion (being gregarious, cheerful, energetic), neuroticism (being afraid, touchy, tearful), conscientiousness (being diligent, planful, focused), agreeableness (being considerate, trusting), and openness (being curious, perceptive)

Answer 13

true

Question 14

When researchers have combined measures of both _______ and _______ characteristics, prediction of children’s behavior problems is even stronger than using either one alone

Answer 14

temperament; personality

Question 15

_____ contributes to differences in temperament, especially differences in emotionality, activity level, and sociability.

Answer 15

heredity

Question 16

T or F: temperament has neurological and neurochemical underpinnings

Answer 16

T

Question 17

T or F: Children with less-than-optimal temperament profiles experience a higher rate of problems in later life.

Answer 17

T

Question 18

To some extent, the likelihood of problems depends on the ______ in which the child is reared and how well it suits the child’s temperamental qualities

Answer 18

environment