Chapter 4- Action Morphology

Question 1

action

Answer 1

brain combines cognition, motivation, and action control

Question 2

units of action

Answer 2

1. reflex
2. oscillators
3. servomechanism

Question 3

1. reflex

Answer 3

• fixed response to stimulus
• adv: fast, simple to program
• disadv: rigid, vulnerable to disruption, too slow for some tasks

Question 4

.2. oscillators

Answer 4

• ballistic movement
• central generation of patterns
• fourier analysis

Question 5

servomechanism

Answer 5

goal directed behavior

1. sensory input
2. goal value
3. act only when discrepancy exists
   ex: thermostat

Question 6

reflex chain

Answer 6

reflex series

S1 -> R1=S2 -> R2=S3 -> R2

Question 7

fixed action patterns

Answer 7

• triggered by innate release

- proceed with guiding stimulus

Question 8

pyramidal motor system

Answer 8

-primary motor cortex
-fine movement: direct muscle movement, guide it
involuntary

Question 9

control of pyramidal system

Answer 9

1. supplementary motor cortex M2= timing, active before movement
2. premotor cortex=active in a motion and when seeing others do it too (mirror neurons)
3. neuronal wave= premotor frontal

Question 10

posterior parietal cortex

Answer 10

• conscious will to move, urge of wanting to move

- spatial neglect- neglects to take care of space and what can be done in space

Question 11

extrapyramidal motor systems

Answer 11

red nucleus and pyramidal
- synergy- can replace each other, loss of both results in loss of all voluntary motion
reticular formation

Question 12

reticular formation

Answer 12

1. pattern of innate actions- smile cry bite
2. postural control= balance and movement
3. intermediate unit for voluntary action
   PPI

Question 13

striatum and substantia nigra

Answer 13

dopamine- SN to striatum, D1 direct, D2 indirect

• parkinsons
• huntingtons

Question 14

parkinson’s disease

Answer 14

• loss of dopamine receptors
• resting tremor
• stress enables

Question 15

huntington’s disease

Answer 15

• uncontrollable movements, tremor all the time, stress worsens

Question 16

cerebellum

Answer 16

contains 70% of neurons in the brain

1. servomechanism= proprioceptive- tells you which hand is where with eyes closed, smooths movement
2. ballistic programs= oscillator, saccadic eye movement. typing
3. learned programs= automatic motor habits, tie shoe