Chapter 2- Neuroanatomy

Question 1

meninges

Answer 1

dura mater- tough membrane
arachnoid- blood vessel network
pia mater- thin layer, “delicate mother”

Question 2

ventricles

Answer 2

filled with csf

• lateral ventricles= front and top
• 3rd ventricle= center. deep forebrain. aquaduct down to 4th ventricle
• 4th ventricle= center. brain stem

Question 3

sagittal view

Answer 3

sideways

• anterior (front/rostral), vs posterior (back, caudal)
• dorsal and ventral

Question 4

coronal

Answer 4

front or back view

• medial (middle) vs lateral (sides)
• corona like a halo

Question 5

horizontal

Answer 5

top view

- lateral and medial

Question 6

corpus callosum

Answer 6

connects right and left hemisphere

Question 7

hindbrain

Answer 7

rhombencephalon

- pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata

Question 8

midbrain

Answer 8

mesencephalon

- if you were to remove the cerebellum, you would be able tfo see this

Question 9

forebrain (lower)

Answer 9

diencephalon

• thalamus and hypothalamus
• turn brain upside down to see this

Question 10

forebrain (upper)

Answer 10

telencephalon

Question 11

cranial nerves

Answer 11

1. olfactory
2. optic
   3,4,6. eye movement M&S
3. trigeminal M&S
4. facial M&S
5. auditory- vestibular S
6. vagus M&S

Question 12

1. olfactory nerve

Answer 12

• purely sensory afferent (incoming)

- connects to olfactory bulb

Question 13

2. optic nerve

Answer 13

• S

- vision

Question 14

3, 4, 6 eye movement nerves

Answer 14

• motor (M) efferent

Question 15

5. trigeminal

Answer 15

• M & S

- facial touch and mouth movement

Question 16

7. facial

Answer 16

• M& S
• facial expression
• taste

Question 17

8. auditory- vestibular

Answer 17

• S

- hearing and balance and motion

Question 18

10. Vagus nerve

Answer 18

• M&S
• visceral sensation- motivational ie. hunger
• parasympathetic commands= things you don’t feel consciously, promote digestion, slow heart rate

Question 19

spinal afferents and efferents

Answer 19

• dorsal nerves and horns= sensory (DS)

- ventral nerves and horns= motot (VM)

Question 20

hindbrain pt 2

Answer 20

1. cranial nucleus for each cranial nerve
2. other integrative nuclei
   - nucleus of solitary tract
   - integrates taste, visceral and vistibular sensation
3. massive fiber tracts
4. reticular system
   - loosely scattered network

Question 21

visceral sensation

Answer 21

sensation from organs, stomach and liver

Question 22

vistibular sensation

Answer 22

sense of motion and gravity

Question 23

dorsal nerves and horns

Answer 23

sensory

Question 24

ventral nerves and horns

Answer 24

motor

Question 25

locus coeruleus

Answer 25

norepinephrine

Question 26

superior colliculus

Answer 26

vision

Question 27

inferior colliculus

Answer 27

hearing

Question 28

midbrain

Answer 28

1-4: same as hindbrain

5. superior colliculus
6. inferior colliculus
7. substantia nigra
8. tegmentum
9. red nucleus

Question 29

diencephalon (lower forebrain)

Answer 29

hypothalamus

Question 30

telencephalon (higher forebrain)

Answer 30

• hippocampus: learning and memory
• striatum or basal ganglia: action patterns
• nucleus accumbens: motivation, reward, emotion, dopamine from midbrain
• amygdala: fear, emotion and motivation
• septum: motivation
• cortex

Question 31

hippocampus

Answer 31

learning and memory

Question 32

striatum or basal ganglia

Answer 32

action patterns

Question 33

nucleus accumbens

Answer 33

motivation, reward, emotion, mesolimbic dopamine from midbrain

Question 34

amygdala

Answer 34

fear, emotion, and motivation

Question 35

septum

Answer 35

motivation

Question 36

cortex lobes

Answer 36

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

Question 37

cingulate cortex

Answer 37

medial surface

• emotion
• cognition

Question 38

encephalization

Answer 38

development of rostral structures

• elaboration of existing structures
• ex: striatum, hippocampus
• invasion of function by rostral structures= loss of lower autonomy
• ex: decortication