Chapter 4

Question 1

Mountain of motor development

Answer 1

life span view of motor skills development- typical development pattern

Question 2

Prental

Answer 2

last two trimesters of pregnancy

Question 3

Reflexive

Answer 3

birth to 2 weeks (bottom step), learning basic reflext

Question 4

Preadapted

Answer 4

2 weeks to 1 year (second step), such as sitting and crawling

Question 5

Fundamental Motor Patterns

Answer 5

1-7 years locomotor and object control (third step), such as jumping, catching, and throwing. Very important to have these skills by 7

Question 6

Proficiency barrier

Answer 6

between fundamental motor patterns and context-specific motor skills; a bar to pass between, to have basic motor patterns.

Question 7

Context-specific motor skills

Answer 7

7-11 years (fourth step), motor skills become more specific, such as golf and tennis

Question 8

Skillfulness

Answer 8

11 years and up (top of the mountain), should be skilled at specific movements

Question 9

Compensation

Answer 9

things that can push you back below the proficiency barrier, such as an injury or becoming elderly

Question 10

Fitts and Posner’s Learning stages

Answer 10

independent of age, age does not matter.

Question 11

Cognitive Performer

Answer 11

“what’s the movement pattern?”, big errors increase, potential for great performance increases

Question 12

Cognitive Practitioner

Answer 12

Assists performer in understanding movement pattern

Question 13

Associative Performer

Answer 13

“How do I refine it?”, consistent performance increases, errors decrease

Question 14

Associative Practitioner

Answer 14

Design practice, facilitates error detection and correction

Question 15

Autonomous Performer

Answer 15

“I’m on top, how do I stay here?”, level of skill proficiency increases, mostly automatic

Question 16

Autonomous Practitioner

Answer 16

Design practice, refine performance, motivates the performer

Question 17

Bernstein’s Learning Stages

Answer 17

Freezing the limbs, releasing the limbs, exploiting the environment

Question 18

Freezing the limbs

Answer 18

independence of body parts decrease, variability of each body part decrease, simplifying a task, making it as easy as possible

Question 19

Releasing the limbs

Answer 19

independence of the body parts increase, constraint on DOF decrease and the independent motion increase

Question 20

Exploiting the environment

Answer 20

maximizes mechanical-interial properties of the limbs, requires a decrease in information processing and energy costs

Question 21

Criticism of Bernstein’s learning stages

Answer 21

don’t consider all influencing factors, doesn’t admit there could be other ways that could help an individual better

Question 22

Gentile’s Learning stages

Answer 22

Getting the idea of the movement, fixation and diversification, fixation substage, diversification substage

Question 23

Getting the idea of the movement goals

Answer 23

understand coordination needed, determine regulatory and non-regulatory conditions. Regulatory provide relevant information. Non-regulatory cues that distracts leaner from the important relevant cues

Question 24

Getting the idea of the mevement practitioner

Answer 24

emphasize basic through demo’instruction, direct attention towards relevent stimuli

Question 25

Fixation and Diversification

Answer 25

later stage, refining movement pattern

Question 26

Fixation

Answer 26

refine movement then reliably replicate action

Question 27

Diversification

Answer 27

adaptable performances

Question 28

Fixation substage

Answer 28

maintain regulatory conditions to promote movement consistency -> closed skills

Question 29

Diversification substage

Answer 29

Vary both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions. -> open skills