Chapter 4 Flashcards
Mountain of motor development
life span view of motor skills development- typical development pattern
Prental
last two trimesters of pregnancy
Reflexive
birth to 2 weeks (bottom step), learning basic reflext
Preadapted
2 weeks to 1 year (second step), such as sitting and crawling
Fundamental Motor Patterns
1-7 years locomotor and object control (third step), such as jumping, catching, and throwing. Very important to have these skills by 7
Proficiency barrier
between fundamental motor patterns and context-specific motor skills; a bar to pass between, to have basic motor patterns.
Context-specific motor skills
7-11 years (fourth step), motor skills become more specific, such as golf and tennis
Skillfulness
11 years and up (top of the mountain), should be skilled at specific movements
Compensation
things that can push you back below the proficiency barrier, such as an injury or becoming elderly
Fitts and Posner’s Learning stages
independent of age, age does not matter.
Cognitive Performer
“what’s the movement pattern?”, big errors increase, potential for great performance increases
Cognitive Practitioner
Assists performer in understanding movement pattern
Associative Performer
“How do I refine it?”, consistent performance increases, errors decrease
Associative Practitioner
Design practice, facilitates error detection and correction
Autonomous Performer
“I’m on top, how do I stay here?”, level of skill proficiency increases, mostly automatic
Autonomous Practitioner
Design practice, refine performance, motivates the performer
Bernstein’s Learning Stages
Freezing the limbs, releasing the limbs, exploiting the environment
Freezing the limbs
independence of body parts decrease, variability of each body part decrease, simplifying a task, making it as easy as possible
Releasing the limbs
independence of the body parts increase, constraint on DOF decrease and the independent motion increase
Exploiting the environment
maximizes mechanical-interial properties of the limbs, requires a decrease in information processing and energy costs
Criticism of Bernstein’s learning stages
don’t consider all influencing factors, doesn’t admit there could be other ways that could help an individual better
Gentile’s Learning stages
Getting the idea of the movement, fixation and diversification, fixation substage, diversification substage
Getting the idea of the movement goals
understand coordination needed, determine regulatory and non-regulatory conditions. Regulatory provide relevant information. Non-regulatory cues that distracts leaner from the important relevant cues
Getting the idea of the mevement practitioner
emphasize basic through demo’instruction, direct attention towards relevent stimuli
Fixation and Diversification
later stage, refining movement pattern
Fixation
refine movement then reliably replicate action
Diversification
adaptable performances
Fixation substage
maintain regulatory conditions to promote movement consistency -> closed skills
Diversification substage
Vary both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions. -> open skills
