Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 9 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A
  • The period in human development in which the
    person becomes sexually mature and able to
    reproduce
    • During puberty, the testes produce more testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is testerone?

A
  • The male sex hormone produced by the testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the scrotum?

A
  • A protective sac that encloses the testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the testes?

A
  • Produce and nourish sperm as they develop, and also

produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are is the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • A mass of coiled tubes in the testes that produce

haploid sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • A structure that sits above the testis; stores mature

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A
  • A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the urethra?

A
  • In males, a tube that transports both sperm and urine

outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the penis?

A
  • the organ that contains the urethra; enters female
    during sexual intercourse to allow the transfer of
    sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is semen?

A
  • The sperm and the seminal fluid combined
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A
  • Glands that produce milk to nourish a baby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the ovary?

A
  • A structure in the flower that contains the eggs; in
    animals the organ in which egg cells mature and are
    released
    • In animals, the ovaries produce estrogen and
    progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a follicle?

A
  • A structure in the ovary that contains a single
    immature egg and cell that nourish and protect the
    developing egg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is progesterone?

A
  • A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A
  • The female reproductive cycle; in each cycle, an egg
    matures and is released; lasts approximately 28 days
    • Women menstruate until menopause
    • Around 40 - 50 years old
      • Follicles develop and produce eggs
      • Nutrient-producing cells develop around the egg to
      nourish it while it matures
      • One follicle reaches maturity and releases its egg,
      which will burst through the wall of the ovary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • The permanent end of the menstrual cycle; occurs

between the ages of 40 and 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is ovulation?

A 
- The release of a mature egg from the ovary:
  • Egg matures
    • Bursts through wall of ovary
      • Released through ovary
        • Ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A
  • The empty follicle after an egg has been released from
    the ovary
    • Matures to produce estrogen and progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the oviduct?

A
  • A tube that transports the egg to the uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the uterus?

A
  • The organ in which the embryo develops; also called

the womb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the endometrium?

A
  • The lining of the uterus that is rich in nutrients, blood
    vessels and mucus and provides the embryo
    nourishment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • The muscular opening between the uterus and the

vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • The structure that receives the male penis and sperm
    during sexual intercourse and is the birth canal
    through which a baby is born
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is menstruation?

A
  • The shedding of the endometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the flow phase?

A
  • The first stage of the menstrual cycle in which the

endometrium is shed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A
  • Final stage of the menstrual cycle in which the empty

follicle develops into the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is embryonic development?

A
  • An orderly series of changes than an embryo
    undergoes, which eventually results in a fully formed
    baby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is amniotic fluid?

A
  • Fluid that supports, protects, and maintains a warm

environment for the fetus until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is labour?

A
  • The birth process; involves the dilation of the cervix,
    the breaking of the water, and uterine contractions
    that push the baby through the birth canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is differentiation?

A
  • The process of growing from unspecialized cells into
    many different specialized cells
    • Ex: zygote has instructions in its DNA for more than
    200 specialized cells in the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are stem cells?

A
  • Unspecialized cell that has the ability to reproduce
    itself and differentiate into a specialized cell
    • Found in bone marrow and in the blood in the
    umbilical cord.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a karyotype?

A
  • An image which shows individual chromosomes from a

cell arranged into homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are sex-linked characteristics?

A
  • A trait that is controlled by a gene on the X
    chromosome
    • X and Y chromosomes are not homologous; do not
    carry matching genes
    • Females have 23 homologous pairs; Males have only
    22 (X-Y is not)
    • Certain traits that are controlled on Y chromosome
    happen more frequently in males:
    • male baldness
    • red-green colorblindness
    • hemophilia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A
  • An error in meiosis in which homologous
    chromosomes do not separate; produces gametes with
    the wrong number of chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is down syndrome?

A
  • A common type disorder that results from a zygote
    with 47 chromosomes; Down syndrome individuals
    have three copies of chromosome 21
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A
  • A disorder in which a female’s cells have only one X
    chromosome
    • Reproductive organs do not develop
    • Cannot menstruate or reproduce
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is klinefelter syndrome?

A
  • A disorder in which a male’s cells have two X
    chromosomes and a Y chromosome
    • Produce less testosterone than normal
    • Cannot father children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is ultrasound?

A
  • A technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to

create a 3-D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A
  • A procedure in which cells from the fetus are removed
    from the amniotic fluid to produce a karyotype of the
    fetus
    • Used in high-risk procedures
    • Women over 35
    • Previously had a child with Down Syndrome,
    defective spinal cord or brain, or genetic disease in
    the family
    • Test the karyotype of the fetus
    • Done around 20th week
40
Q

What is miscarriage?

A
  • The situation where a fetus is involuntarily expelled
    from the uterus before it is developed enough to
    survive on its own
41
Q

What is a surrogate mother?

A
  • A woman who carries embryos produced by in vitro

fertilization for an infertile couple

42
Q

What is estrogen?

A
  • A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries
43
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A
  • The second phase of the menstrual cycle in which a

new follicle starts to develop

44
Q

What are the sexual characteristics in males

A
  • Puberty
    • Develops around age 11-13
    • Continues to around age 18
45
Q

What is the structure of a human sperm cell?

A
  • A human sperm cell features a head (The capsule and
    the nucleus), a middle piece, (The mitochondria), and a
    tail (Flagellum)
    • The mitochondria provides the sperm cell with energy
    • The flagellum propels the sperm cell
46
Q

What is the path of a human sperm cell?

A
  • Testes –> Epididymis –> Vas deferens –> Bladder

- -> Urethra –> Penis

47
Q

What are the male accessory glands?

A
  • The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s
    gland are the male accessory glands
    • They secrete seminal fluid
48
Q

What is the function of seminal fluid?

A
  • Seminal fluid provides sugar (energy), fluid for
    swimming, and protects the sperm in the female
    reproductive tract
49
Q

How long does it take for a sperm cell to mature?

A
  • 65 - 75 days
50
Q

How many sperm cells are produced every day?

A
  • 200 to 300 million
51
Q

How many sperm cells are needed to fertilize the egg?

A
  • Only one
52
Q

For females, when does puberty begin?

A
  • Through ages 10 - 12
53
Q

What are the changes females go through when they are going through puberty?

A
  • Growth spurt

- Development of the mammary glands (Breasts)

54
Q

How many eggs can females have during birth?

A
  • Females could have as many as 2 million eggs at birth
    • Around 400,000 eggs at menstruation
    • Shed one mature egg per month after puberty
    • Females have all their sex cells at birth
55
Q

Between eggs and sperm, which one is bigger?-

A
  • The eggs; they are much bigger than sperm cell
56
Q

If both ovaries release an egg at the same time, what can happen?

A
  • Can lead to twins (If fertilized)
57
Q

What are the two options during the path of the egg?

A
  • Menstruation or pregnancy

• Depends on which egg is fertilized

58
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A
  • Millions of sperm enter the vegina
    • Only about 100 make it to the oviduct
    • Once one sperm is in, the egg releases a protein to
    prevent others from entering
    • Sperm and egg fuse to produce a zygote
    • 9 month, 38 week pregnancy period begins
59
Q

What is the first trimester?

A
  • From fertilization to end of third month
    • Sac forms around embryo; filled with amniotic fluid
    • Mother feeds fetus through placenta
60
Q

What is the function of amniotic fluid?

A
  • It supports, protects and warms the embryo

• It surrounds the embryo

61
Q

By the fourth week, what changes are made?

A
  • Brain and nervous system of the embryo is developed
    by the fourth week
  • Embryo is about 500 times larger
62
Q

By the eighth week, what changes are made?

A
  • Fetus starts to look like a human by the eighth week

- Fetus is the size of a lima bean

63
Q

Near the end of the third month, what changes are made?

A
  • Muscles and bones start forming near the end of the
    third month
  • Fetus is about 12 cm long, and 50 grams
  • The mother gains about 1kg, may not show signs of
    pregnancy
64
Q

What is the second trimester?

A
  • Months 4,5 and 6
    • Fetus grows from 8 to 30 cm by the end
    • Mother’s abdomen begins to swell (baby bump)
    • Fetus starts to look like a tiny infant
    • Facial features develop
    • Practice breathing occurs
65
Q

What is the third trimester?

A
  • Last 3 months
    • Fetus organs are functioning properly
    • Has sleeping and waking patterns
    • Brain is developing
    • 45 - 55 cm long and up to 4.5 kg
      • Average baby size is about 53 cm and 3.4 kg
66
Q

When is the baby considered full term?

A
  • The fetus is considered full term at 37 weeks
67
Q

What is the first process of birth?

A
  • During birth the uterus muscles begin to contract
    (about every 15 - 20 minutes)
    • Cervix opens up
68
Q

What is the second process of birth?

A
  • Amniotic membrane breaks (breaking of the water)
69
Q

What is the third process of birth?

A
  • Cervix widens to 10cm, contractions push the

head into the birth canal

70
Q

What is the fourth process of birth?

A
  • The head and shoulders are free, rest of the body now
    slips out easily
    • Placenta pushed out later
    • Umbilical cord cut
71
Q

What are the two types of twins?

A
  • Identical and fraternal
72
Q

How are fraternal twins born?

A
  • When 2 eggs are fertilized
    • Same birth date, but look different (like regular
    brothers and sisters)
73
Q

How are identical twins born?

A
  • When one egg splits at the zygote
74
Q

How many chromosomes to humans have?

A
  • 23 pairs; 46 chromosomes
75
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes?

A
  • The two sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes
    • Y is larger; X is smaller
    • 50/50 chance of have a boy or a girl
    • Females: XX; Males: XY
76
Q

What is a trisomic female?

A
  • Females that have an extra x chromosome
    • Can reproduce
    • Taller and leaner than average
77
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling?

A
  • Sample cells in the placenta via a catheter through the
    vagina
    • Taken 8 - 12 weeks into pregnancy
    • Can determine the karyotype of the fetus
78
Q

What is egg collection?

A
  • Checking eggs during in vitro fertilization to check for
    genetic disorders
    • If healthy, the eggs are used for in vitro
79
Q

What are fertility drugs?

A
  • Stimulates female reproductive hormones
    • More eggs released from ovaries
    • More chance of twins, triplets, etc.
    • Not used on males as males already produce
    millions of sperm
80
Q

What is artificial Insemination?

A
  • Introducing sperm into the reproductive tract via other
    methods
    • Couples can use donated sperm
81
Q

What is Intrauterine Insemination?

A
  • Sperm collected and placed directly into uterus, rather
    than vagina
    • Ensures many more sperm reach the egg
82
Q

What is Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

A
  • Female’s eggs removed from ovary and reinserted into
    oviduct
    • Increases chances of fertilization
83
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

A
  • Takes place outside the body; eggs is fertilized In a
    Petri dish
    • Offspring are called test-tube babies
    • Embryos may be placed in biological mother, or
    surrogate mother
    • Involves egg collection
84
Q

What is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection?

A
  • The process of injecting a single sperm into the
    cytoplasm of a mature healthy egg
    • Used when IVF is not successful
85
Q

How long after fertilization does it take the zygote to become an embryo and reach the uterus, where it will implant into the endometrium?

A
  • One week
86
Q

What is prolactin?

A
  • Hormone that causes milk to be produced in the

mammary glands

87
Q

What are secondary characteristics?

A
  • Sexual characteristics that develop at puberty

• Ex. facial hair with males, breasts with girls

88
Q

What are primary characteristics?

A
  • Sexual characteristics that are present at birth

• Ex. reproductive organs (penis/uterus)

89
Q

What is semen?

A
  • The combination of sperm and seminal fluid.
90
Q

How are sperm cells made?

A
  • Sperm cells start as diploid cells in the seminiferous
    tubule
    • Undergo mitosis several times increasing in number
    until they undergo meiosis to become haploid cells
91
Q

What happens to sperm cells when they are not released within a few days?

A
  • They die and are broken down by white blood cells
92
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • When the menstrual cycle stops, around 40 or 50

years old.

93
Q

What is the path of the egg?

A
  • Ovary to oviduct (fallopian tube) to uterus (womb)
94
Q

What happens if an egg is not fertilized?

A
  • The endometrium is shed through the vagina

(menstruation/period)

95
Q

What controls the process of labour?

A
  • Hormones

Grade 9 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions