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Grade 9 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A
  • The period in human development in which the
    person becomes sexually mature and able to
    reproduce
    • During puberty, the testes produce more testosterone
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2
Q

What is testerone?

A
  • The male sex hormone produced by the testes
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3
Q

What is the scrotum?

A
  • A protective sac that encloses the testes
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4
Q

What are the testes?

A
  • Produce and nourish sperm as they develop, and also

produce testosterone

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5
Q

What are is the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • A mass of coiled tubes in the testes that produce

haploid sperm cells

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6
Q

What is the epididymis?

A
  • A structure that sits above the testis; stores mature

sperm

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7
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A
  • A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the

urethra

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8
Q

What is the urethra?

A
  • In males, a tube that transports both sperm and urine

outside the body

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9
Q

what is the penis?

A
  • the organ that contains the urethra; enters female
    during sexual intercourse to allow the transfer of
    sperm
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10
Q

What is semen?

A
  • The sperm and the seminal fluid combined
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11
Q

What are the mammary glands?

A
  • Glands that produce milk to nourish a baby
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12
Q

What is the ovary?

A
  • A structure in the flower that contains the eggs; in
    animals the organ in which egg cells mature and are
    released
    • In animals, the ovaries produce estrogen and
    progesterone
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13
Q

What is a follicle?

A
  • A structure in the ovary that contains a single
    immature egg and cell that nourish and protect the
    developing egg
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14
Q

What is progesterone?

A
  • A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries
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15
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A
  • The female reproductive cycle; in each cycle, an egg
    matures and is released; lasts approximately 28 days
    • Women menstruate until menopause
    • Around 40 - 50 years old
      • Follicles develop and produce eggs
      • Nutrient-producing cells develop around the egg to
      nourish it while it matures
      • One follicle reaches maturity and releases its egg,
      which will burst through the wall of the ovary
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16
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • The permanent end of the menstrual cycle; occurs

between the ages of 40 and 50

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17
Q

What is ovulation?

A 
- The release of a mature egg from the ovary:
  • Egg matures
    • Bursts through wall of ovary
      • Released through ovary
        • Ovulation
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18
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A
  • The empty follicle after an egg has been released from
    the ovary
    • Matures to produce estrogen and progesterone
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19
Q

What is the oviduct?

A
  • A tube that transports the egg to the uterus
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20
Q

What is the uterus?

A
  • The organ in which the embryo develops; also called

the womb

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21
Q

What is the endometrium?

A
  • The lining of the uterus that is rich in nutrients, blood
    vessels and mucus and provides the embryo
    nourishment
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22
Q

What is the cervix?

A
  • The muscular opening between the uterus and the

vagina

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23
Q

What is the vagina?

A
  • The structure that receives the male penis and sperm
    during sexual intercourse and is the birth canal
    through which a baby is born
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24
Q

What is menstruation?

A
  • The shedding of the endometrium
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25
What is the flow phase?
- The first stage of the menstrual cycle in which the | endometrium is shed
26
what is the luteal phase?
- Final stage of the menstrual cycle in which the empty | follicle develops into the corpus luteum
27
What is embryonic development?
- An orderly series of changes than an embryo undergoes, which eventually results in a fully formed baby
28
What is amniotic fluid?
- Fluid that supports, protects, and maintains a warm | environment for the fetus until birth
29
What is labour?
- The birth process; involves the dilation of the cervix, the breaking of the water, and uterine contractions that push the baby through the birth canal
30
What is differentiation?
- The process of growing from unspecialized cells into many different specialized cells • Ex: zygote has instructions in its DNA for more than 200 specialized cells in the body.
31
What are stem cells?
- Unspecialized cell that has the ability to reproduce itself and differentiate into a specialized cell • Found in bone marrow and in the blood in the umbilical cord.
32
What is a karyotype?
- An image which shows individual chromosomes from a | cell arranged into homologous pairs
33
What are sex-linked characteristics?
- A trait that is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome • X and Y chromosomes are not homologous; do not carry matching genes • Females have 23 homologous pairs; Males have only 22 (X-Y is not) • Certain traits that are controlled on Y chromosome happen more frequently in males: • male baldness • red-green colorblindness • hemophilia
34
What is nondisjunction?
- An error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes do not separate; produces gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes
35
What is down syndrome?
- A common type disorder that results from a zygote with 47 chromosomes; Down syndrome individuals have three copies of chromosome 21
36
What is turner syndrome?
- A disorder in which a female's cells have only one X chromosome • Reproductive organs do not develop • Cannot menstruate or reproduce
37
What is klinefelter syndrome?
- A disorder in which a male’s cells have two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome • Produce less testosterone than normal • Cannot father children
38
What is ultrasound?
- A technology that uses high-frequency sound waves to | create a 3-D image
39
What is amniocentesis?
- A procedure in which cells from the fetus are removed from the amniotic fluid to produce a karyotype of the fetus • Used in high-risk procedures • Women over 35 • Previously had a child with Down Syndrome, defective spinal cord or brain, or genetic disease in the family • Test the karyotype of the fetus • Done around 20th week
40
What is miscarriage?
- The situation where a fetus is involuntarily expelled from the uterus before it is developed enough to survive on its own
41
What is a surrogate mother?
- A woman who carries embryos produced by in vitro | fertilization for an infertile couple
42
What is estrogen?
- A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries
43
What is the follicular phase?
- The second phase of the menstrual cycle in which a | new follicle starts to develop
44
What are the sexual characteristics in males
- Puberty • Develops around age 11-13 • Continues to around age 18
45
What is the structure of a human sperm cell?
- A human sperm cell features a head (The capsule and the nucleus), a middle piece, (The mitochondria), and a tail (Flagellum) • The mitochondria provides the sperm cell with energy • The flagellum propels the sperm cell
46
What is the path of a human sperm cell?
- Testes --> Epididymis --> Vas deferens --> Bladder | - -> Urethra --> Penis
47
What are the male accessory glands?
- The seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland are the male accessory glands • They secrete seminal fluid
48
What is the function of seminal fluid?
- Seminal fluid provides sugar (energy), fluid for swimming, and protects the sperm in the female reproductive tract
49
How long does it take for a sperm cell to mature?
- 65 - 75 days
50
How many sperm cells are produced every day?
- 200 to 300 million
51
How many sperm cells are needed to fertilize the egg?
- Only one
52
For females, when does puberty begin?
- Through ages 10 - 12
53
What are the changes females go through when they are going through puberty?
- Growth spurt | - Development of the mammary glands (Breasts)
54
How many eggs can females have during birth?
- Females could have as many as 2 million eggs at birth • Around 400,000 eggs at menstruation • Shed one mature egg per month after puberty • Females have all their sex cells at birth
55
Between eggs and sperm, which one is bigger?-
- The eggs; they are much bigger than sperm cell
56
If both ovaries release an egg at the same time, what can happen?
- Can lead to twins (If fertilized)
57
What are the two options during the path of the egg?
- Menstruation or pregnancy | • Depends on which egg is fertilized
58
What is the process of fertilization?
- Millions of sperm enter the vegina • Only about 100 make it to the oviduct • Once one sperm is in, the egg releases a protein to prevent others from entering • Sperm and egg fuse to produce a zygote • 9 month, 38 week pregnancy period begins
59
What is the first trimester?
- From fertilization to end of third month • Sac forms around embryo; filled with amniotic fluid • Mother feeds fetus through placenta
60
What is the function of amniotic fluid?
- It supports, protects and warms the embryo | • It surrounds the embryo
61
By the fourth week, what changes are made?
- Brain and nervous system of the embryo is developed by the fourth week - Embryo is about 500 times larger
62
By the eighth week, what changes are made?
- Fetus starts to look like a human by the eighth week | - Fetus is the size of a lima bean
63
Near the end of the third month, what changes are made?
- Muscles and bones start forming near the end of the third month - Fetus is about 12 cm long, and 50 grams - The mother gains about 1kg, may not show signs of pregnancy
64
What is the second trimester?
- Months 4,5 and 6 • Fetus grows from 8 to 30 cm by the end • Mother’s abdomen begins to swell (baby bump) • Fetus starts to look like a tiny infant • Facial features develop • Practice breathing occurs
65
What is the third trimester?
* Last 3 months * Fetus organs are functioning properly * Has sleeping and waking patterns * Brain is developing * 45 - 55 cm long and up to 4.5 kg * Average baby size is about 53 cm and 3.4 kg
66
When is the baby considered full term?
- The fetus is considered full term at 37 weeks
67
What is the first process of birth?
- During birth the uterus muscles begin to contract (about every 15 - 20 minutes) • Cervix opens up
68
What is the second process of birth?
- Amniotic membrane breaks (breaking of the water)
69
What is the third process of birth?
- Cervix widens to 10cm, contractions push the | head into the birth canal
70
What is the fourth process of birth?
- The head and shoulders are free, rest of the body now slips out easily • Placenta pushed out later • Umbilical cord cut
71
What are the two types of twins?
- Identical and fraternal
72
How are fraternal twins born?
- When 2 eggs are fertilized • Same birth date, but look different (like regular brothers and sisters)
73
How are identical twins born?
- When one egg splits at the zygote
74
How many chromosomes to humans have?
- 23 pairs; 46 chromosomes
75
What are the two sex chromosomes?
- The two sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes • Y is larger; X is smaller • 50/50 chance of have a boy or a girl • Females: XX; Males: XY
76
What is a trisomic female?
- Females that have an extra x chromosome • Can reproduce • Taller and leaner than average
77
What is chorionic villus sampling?
- Sample cells in the placenta via a catheter through the vagina • Taken 8 - 12 weeks into pregnancy • Can determine the karyotype of the fetus
78
What is egg collection?
- Checking eggs during in vitro fertilization to check for genetic disorders • If healthy, the eggs are used for in vitro
79
What are fertility drugs?
- Stimulates female reproductive hormones • More eggs released from ovaries • More chance of twins, triplets, etc. • Not used on males as males already produce millions of sperm
80
What is artificial Insemination?
- Introducing sperm into the reproductive tract via other methods • Couples can use donated sperm
81
What is Intrauterine Insemination?
- Sperm collected and placed directly into uterus, rather than vagina • Ensures many more sperm reach the egg
82
What is Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?
- Female’s eggs removed from ovary and reinserted into oviduct • Increases chances of fertilization
83
What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
- Takes place outside the body; eggs is fertilized In a Petri dish • Offspring are called test-tube babies • Embryos may be placed in biological mother, or surrogate mother • Involves egg collection
84
What is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection?
- The process of injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature healthy egg • Used when IVF is not successful
85
How long after fertilization does it take the zygote to become an embryo and reach the uterus, where it will implant into the endometrium?
- One week
86
What is prolactin?
- Hormone that causes milk to be produced in the | mammary glands
87
What are secondary characteristics?
- Sexual characteristics that develop at puberty | • Ex. facial hair with males, breasts with girls
88
What are primary characteristics?
- Sexual characteristics that are present at birth | • Ex. reproductive organs (penis/uterus)
89
What is semen?
- The combination of sperm and seminal fluid.
90
How are sperm cells made?
- Sperm cells start as diploid cells in the seminiferous tubule • Undergo mitosis several times increasing in number until they undergo meiosis to become haploid cells
91
What happens to sperm cells when they are not released within a few days?
- They die and are broken down by white blood cells
92
What is menopause?
- When the menstrual cycle stops, around 40 or 50 | years old.
93
What is the path of the egg?
- Ovary to oviduct (fallopian tube) to uterus (womb)
94
What happens if an egg is not fertilized?
- The endometrium is shed through the vagina | (menstruation/period)
95
What controls the process of labour?
- Hormones

Grade 9 (5 decks)

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