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Grade 9 > Chapter 2 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of cell division?

A

There are three main functions of cell division: growth, repair, and reproduction.

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2
Q

How does an organism grow?

A
  • Unicellular growth: Grow in size

- Multicellular growth: Grow in cell quantity

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3
Q

How does an organism repair?

A
  • An organism repairs through cell division
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4
Q

How does an organism reproduce?

A 
- Unicellular: Cell division (Asexual Reproduction)
  • Binary Fission
  • Budding
  • Vegetative Reproduction
  • Fragmentation
  • Spore Formation
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5
Q

What is binary fission?

A
  • A form of asexual reproductions used by single celled
    organisms o produce two genetically identical
    daughter cells
    • Only single-celled organisms: Protists (Amoebas),
    algae, bacteria
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6
Q

What is Budding?

A
  • A type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring
    begnins as a small growth (Called a bud) on the parent
    • Bud undergoes cell division and grows in size before
    breaking off
    • Occurs in multicellular and unicellular organisms:
    Yeast, hydra
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7
Q

What is Vegetative Reproduction?

A
  • Asexual reproduction in plants; includes producing
    runners, bulbs, tubers and cuttings.
    • Examples: Aspen and lilac
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8
Q

What are runners?

A
  • Runners are a type of stem that grows horizontally
    along the surface of a soil
    • Runners grow their own roots and become an
    independent plant.
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9
Q

What are shoots?

A
  • Shoots are send out from the base of a trunk or
    underground stem, which grow into a new
    independent lant
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10
Q

What is Fragmentation?

A
  • Fragmentation a type of asexua; reproduction in which
    a small part of an animal breaks off and grows into a
    new organism
    • Cannot occur without regeneration
    • Examples: Sea star, planarian, flatworms, and
    planaria
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11
Q

What is Regeneration?

A
  • Regeneration is the ability to regrow a body part, a

tissue, or an organ

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12
Q

What is Spore Formation?

A
  • A form of reproduction using spores

• Spores: Cells with thick walls

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of asexual reproduction

A
  • Only one organism is needed to reproduce
  • All the offspring are genetically identical to each other
    and to the parent organism
  • A single organism can produce large numbers of
    offspring
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14
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A
  • The parents contribute genetic material in

specialized sex cells (Egg cell and a sperm cell/zygote)

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15
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A
  • Organelle that produces and assembles ribosomes
    • Controls all cell activities including cell division
    • Surrounded by the nuclear membrane
    • Contains chromosomes
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16
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • Genetic material contained in the cell that controls all
    cell activities
    • Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46)
    • Made out of a long strand of DNA and proteins
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17
Q

What is DNA?

A
  • A long molecule that provides instructions for
    developing a cell
    • Looks like a twisted ladder
    • DNA molecule is organized into genes
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18
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • Found in the core of the nucleus
    • Site for making and assembling ribosomes
    • Ribosomes then move into the cytoplasm
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19
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • Tiny organelles in the cytoplasm
    • Make up the proteins that allow the cell to function
    correctly
    • Either free in the cytoplasm, or attached to
    endoplasmic reticulum
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20
Q

What is Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum is a series of tubes and
    flattened sacs that transport materials throughout the
    cell.
    • Two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER
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21
Q

What is Rough ER?

A
  • Rough ER: ER that has ribosomes

• Transport proteins throughout the cell.

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22
Q

What is smooth ER?

A
  • Smooth ER: ER that has no ribosomes

• Manufactures and transports fats in the cell

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23
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A
  • Cytoplasm: Jelly like substance that holds and contains
    all organelles
    • Most cell activities occur in the cytoplasm:
    Absorption, transportation, and processing of nutrients
    • Contains tiny microtubes that allow movement and
    support of the organelles
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24
Q

What is Centrioles?

A
  • Organelles made out of special microtubes.
    • Found in most animal cells
    • Active during cell division
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25
Q

What is DNA made out of?

A
  • DNA is made out of two strands of smaller molecules,
    called nucleotides
    • Nucleotides are composed of a phosphate, sugar,
    and a nitrogenous base
    • Sides of DNA ladder are made of sugar and
    phosphate molecules
    • Rungs of DNA ladder are made of pairs of
    nitrogenous bases
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26
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)
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27
Q

What are the pairs of nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine and thymine (A-T), or cytosine and guanine

(C- G)

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28
Q

How does DNA replicate?

A
  1. Each DNA molecule clones itself
  2. Each molecules splits in many places between the
    pairs of bases, like a broken zipper
  3. New bases join up with the bases on each of the
    opened side of the ladder to form two identical DNA
    molecules
29
Q

What is the genetic code?

A
  • Genetic Code: Four Nitrogenous bases that form a
    three-letter word that are three bases long
    • Each three-letter word produces one of 20 amino
    acids
    • All three letter words form instructions for all body
    cells for follow
30
Q

What are Amino acids?

A
  • Amino acids: Molecules that make up proteins; 20
    types
    • Different combinations of amino acids form different
    proteins
    • Amino acids are either manufactured by your body or
    are obtained from the food you eat
31
Q

What are proteins?

A
  • Proteins determine the characteristics of organisms
32
Q

What are genes?

A
  • Gene: Short section of DNA that contains the
    instructions to make a specific protein
    • Instructions are determined by the order of the bases
    • All of an organism’s genes is called the genome
33
Q

How does RNA form?

A
  1. The DNA segment that makes up a gene is used to
    make RNA
  2. A gene segment of DNA separates and an RNA
    molecule is constructed from one half of the DNA
34
Q

What is RNA?

A
  • RNA is similar to stricture to DNA, but only has one
    strand
    • RNA carries the code from a gene segment of the
    DNA and travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome in
    the cytoplasm
    • Ribosomes follow the instructions on the RNA and
      assembles a amino acid to make the protein
35
Q

What are the variations of genes between the same species?

A
  • All members of the same species have the same
    number and type of genes
    • Species also have different versions of genes that
    results in different variations, or traits
36
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A
  • Interphase and cell division
37
Q

What percent does interphase make up the cell cycle?

A
  • 90%
38
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A
  • During interphase, the cell makes copies of each
    organelle
    • Once big enough, it will also make copies of it’s
    chromosomes
39
Q

What is a sister chromatids?

A
  • Sister Chromatids: A chromosome and its copy
40
Q

What is the parent cell?

A
  • Parent cell: Cell before it divides
41
Q

What are daughter cells?

A
  • Daughter cells: Offspring of a parent cell
42
Q

What are the two processes that make up cell division?

A
  • Mitosis and cytokinesis
43
Q

What must occur before cell division?

A
  • DNA synthesis
44
Q

What is mitosis?

A 
- Mitosis: Process that divides nuclear material during 
  cell division
   • 4 parts:
      1.  Prophase
      2. Metaphase
      3. Anaphase
      4. Telophase
45
Q

What is prophase?

A
  • Prophase: First stage of mitosis
    • Sister chromatids have shortened, thickened, and are
    joined to the center like an x
    • Sister chromatids are now visible with a light
    microscope
    • Nucleolus is no longer visible
    • Nuclear membrane has broken down and
    chromosomes spread in the cytoplasm
    • Centrioles in animal cells move to opposite poles to
    form spindle fibers
    • Spindle fibers form the spindle
46
Q

What are spindle fibers?

A

• Spindle fibers: Microtubules that grow toward the

center of the cell

47
Q

What is Metaphase?

A
  • Metaphase: Second stage of mitosis
    • Spindle is formed
    • Sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers and line
    up along the middle of the cell
48
Q

What is Anaphase?

A
  • Anaphase: Third stage of mitosis
    • Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle and
    move to opposite poles
    • Chromatids are now called chromosomes
49
Q

What is Telophase?

A
  • Telophase: Last stage of mitosis
    • New chromosomes have reached opposite poles
    • Events op prophase happen in reverse
    • Original nucleus has divided
50
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A
  • Cytokinesis: During cell division, the method that splits
    the cytoplasm and the remainder of the organelles in
    half; it generally starts before mitosis is complete
    • Begins during telophase
    • Divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells
    • Indentation of cell membrane in animal cells

Plant cells:
• No indentation in plant cells, instead membrane-
bound vesicles form between the two nuclei
• The Vesicles form together to form the cell plate
• Cell plate grows outward toward the cell membrane,
forming a cell membrane and cell wall for each
daughter cell

51
Q

What is a mutation?

A
  • Mutation: A change in the DNA

• Can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful

52
Q

How are genetic diseases such as cancer formed?

A
  • By harmful mutations
53
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • Cancer: A disease in which cells divide very rapidly and
    uncontrollably; caused by a mutation in the genes that
    control cell division
    • Cells affected are called cancer cells, which have a
    larger nucleus due to cancer cells always dividing
    • Cancer cells don’t carry out normal cell functions and
    use more nutrients
    • Cancer cells can divide even If separated from
    neighbouring cells
54
Q

Why do some cells have a varying length of cell cycles?

A
  • Because some cells have different life spans, E.g. Bone

marrow and skin cells

55
Q

What are tumours?

A
  • Tumours: Abnormal masses of cancer cells

• Two types, Benign and malignant tumours?

56
Q

What are benign tumours?

A
  • Benign tumours: A mass of cells that grows but stays in
    one place and usually does not interfere with the
    normal functioning of the surrounding tissue and
    organs
    • Can be removed by surgery
    • Example: Wart
57
Q

What are Malignant tumours?

A
  • Malignant tumours: A mass of cells that invades the
    surrounding tissue and interferes with the normal
    functioning of tissues and organs
58
Q

What is metastasis?

A
  • Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells way from their

original location

59
Q

What are some causes of cancer?

A
  • Diet, Tobacco, virus, sunlight
60
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A
  • Carcinogen: Anything that can cause cancer
61
Q

What are some methods of treating cancer?

A
  • Radiation, Surgery, and Chemotherapy
62
Q

What is cancer radiation treatment?

A
  • Radiation: Kills cancer cells and good cells by
    disrupting cell division
    • Can cause hair loss, burns, nausea and vomiting
63
Q

What is chemotherapy cancer treatment?

A
  • Chemotherapy involves using drugs to stop the cancer
    cells from dividing
    • Can cause hair loss, burns, nausea and vomiting
64
Q

What is a clone?

A
  • Clone: An offspring of asexual reproduction;
    genetically identical to the parent and to other
    offspring produced asexually by the parent
65
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A
  • Sexual reproduction: Two separate organisms
    contribute genetic information to produce offspring
    that are genetically different from both parents
66
Q

What is a spindle?

A
  • Spindle: Moves the chromatids during the later phases

of cell division; made of spindle fibres

67
Q

What is a trait?

A
  • Trait: One version of a characteristic.
68
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A
  • Nuclear membrane: surrounds the nucleus and allows

certain materials to pass or go through it

Grade 9 (5 decks)

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