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Hazmat First Res 5th > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Gas

A

Compressible substance, with no specific volume, that tends to assume the shape of a container. Molecules move about most rapidly in this state

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2
Q

liquid

A

Incompressible substance woth a constant volume thats assumes the shape of its container; molecules flow freely, but substantial cohesion prevents them from expanding as a gas would

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3
Q

Solid

A

Substance that has a definite shape and size; the molecules of a solid generally have very little mobility

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4
Q

Incidents involving gases are potentially

A

the most dangerous for emergency responders

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5
Q

Compressed Gas

A

Gas that at normal temperature, exists solely as a gas when pressurized in a container as opposed to a gas that becomes a liquid when stored under pressure

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6
Q

Liguefied Gas

A

Confined gas that at normal temperatures exists in both liquid and gaseous states

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7
Q

Combustible Gase Detector

A

Device that detects the presence and or concentration of predefined combustible gases in a defined area. May require additional features to indicate the results to an operator

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8
Q

Be cautious and alert to vapors from liquids as they may be

A 
Contact hazards
Inhalation Hazards
Flammable
Corrosive
Toxic
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9
Q

Micron

A

is the unit of measure typically used to express particle size. Unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter

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10
Q

Physical properties

A

Properties that do not involve a change in the chemical idntity of the substance, but affect the physical behavior of the material inside and outside the container, which involves the change of the state of the material. Exmples include boiling point, specific gravity, vapor density, and water solubility

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11
Q

Vapor Pressure

A

The pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phases for a given temperature; liquids that have a greater tendency to evaporate have higher vapor pressuress for a given temperature

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12
Q

The lower the boiling point of a material

A

the highr the vapor pressure will be

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13
Q

Boiling point

A

Temperature of a substance when the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure. At this tempeature, the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation. At this point, more liquid is turning into gas then gas is turning back into a liquid

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14
Q

Sublimate

A

Change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between

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15
Q

Vapor density

A

Weight of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. A vapor density less than one indicates a vapor lighter than air; a vapor density greater than one indicates a vapor havier than air

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16
Q

Material with a vapor density less than one included

A

helium, neon, acetylene and hydrogen.

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17
Q

Most gases have a vapo density

A

greater than one

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18
Q

Common materials with a vapor density greater than one

A 
Propane
Hydrogen sulfide
Ethane
Butan
Chlorine
Sulfur dioxide
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19
Q

Solubility

A

Degree to which a solid, liqud, or gas dissolves in a solvent

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20
Q

Hydrodcarbon

A

Gasoline, diesel fuel, pentane

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21
Q

Polar solvent

A

alcohol, methanol, methylethylketone MEK, combine with water, the two liquids mix.

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22
Q

irritant agents that are water soluble usually cause

A

early upper respiratory tract irritation, resulting in coughing and throat irritation.

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23
Q

Partially water soluble chemicals will

A

penetrate into the lower respiratory system and casus delayed (12 to 24 hours) symptoms that include breathing difficulties, pulmonary edema and coughing up blood

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24
Q

Misciblilty

A

Two or more liquids’ capability to mix together

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25
Q

Immiscible

A

Incapable of being mixed or blended with another substance

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26
Q

Specific Gravity

A

Mass weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. A specific gravity less than one indicates a substance lighter than water; a specific gravity greater than one indicates a substance heavier than water

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27
Q

Most flammable liquids have specific gravities

A

less than one and will float on water

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28
Q

Persistence

A

Length of time a chemical agent remains effective without dispersing

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29
Q

Dispersion

A

Act or process of being spread widely

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30
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a liquid’s internal friction at a given temperature. This concept is informally expressed as thickness, stickiness and ability to flow

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31
Q

Mercaptan

A

A sulfur containin organic compound often added to natural gas as an odorant. Natural gas is odorless; natural gas treated with mercaptan has a strong odor. Also known as a Thiol

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32
Q

Chemical properties

A

Relating to the way a substance is able to change into other substances. Chemical properties reflect the ability to burn, react, explode, or produce toxic substances hazardous to people or the environment

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33
Q

Flash point

A

Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid

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34
Q

Fire point

A

Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited. Fire point must exceed five seconds of burining duration during the test. The fire point is usually a few degrees above the flash point

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35
Q

Flmammable liquid

A

Any liquid having a flash point below 100F (37.8C) and a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psi absolute

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36
Q

Combustible Liquid

A

Liquid having a flash point at or above 100f (37.8C) and below 200F (93.3C)

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37
Q

Nonflammable

A

incapable of combustion under normal circumstances; normally used when referring to liquids or gases

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38
Q

Autoignition Temperature

A

The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame

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39
Q

Ignition Temperature

A

Minimum temperature to which a fuel (other that a liquid) in air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion independent of the heating source

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40
Q

Lower Flammable (explosive) Limit (LFL

A

lower limit at which a fgammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean or thin to burn

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41
Q

Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)

A

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite. Above this limit the gas or vapor is too rich to burn.

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42
Q

Ph

A

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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43
Q

Acid

A

Compound containing hydrogen that reacts with water to produce hydrogen ions; a proton donor; a liquid compound with a ph les that 7. acidic chemicals ar corresive

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44
Q

Ion

A

Atom that has lost or gained an electron thus giving it apositive or negative charge

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45
Q

Base

A

Any alkaline or caustic substance; corrosive water soluble compound or substance containing group forming hydroxide ions in water solution that reacts with an acid to form a salt

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46
Q

Disssociation (chemical)

A

Process of splitting a molecule or ionic compounds into smaller particles especially if the process is reversible

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47
Q

Saponification

A

Reaction between an alkaline and a fatty acid that produces soap

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48
Q

Base Solution

A

Solution that has a ph between 7 and 14

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49
Q

Reactivity

A

Ability of a substance to chemically react with other materials, and the speed with which that reaction takes place

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50
Q

Reaction material

A

Substance capable of chemically reacting with other substances; for example, material that reacts violently when combined with air or water

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51
Q

Activation Energy

A

Minimum energy that starts a chemical reaction when added to an atomic or molecular system

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52
Q

Strong Oxidizer

A

Substance that readily gives off larges quantities of oxygen, thereby stimulating combustion; produces a strong reaction by readily accepting electrons from a reducing agents (Fuel).

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53
Q

Reducing agent

A

Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion

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54
Q

Inhibitor

A

Material that is added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undersired reaction Also known as Stabilizer

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55
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light.

56
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Radiation that causes a chemical change in atoms by removing their electrons.

57
Q

Electron

A

Subatomic particle with a physical mass and a negative electric charge

58
Q

Photon

A

Weightless packet of electromagnetic energy, such as x-rays or visible light

59
Q

Radioactive Material (RAM)

A

Material with an atomic nucleus that spontaneously decays or disintegrates, emitting radiation as particles or electromagnetic waves at a rate of greater that 0.002 microcuries per gram

60
Q

Exposure

A

(1) Contact with a hazardous material, causing biological damage, typically by swallowing, breathing, or touching (skin or eyes). Exposure may be short-term (acute exposure), or intermediate duration, or long-term (chronic exposure). (2) People, property, systems, or natural features that are or may be exposed to the harmful effects of a hazardous materials emergency.

61
Q

Dose

A

Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity.

62
Q

Contamination

A

Impurity resulting from mixture of contact with a foreign substance.

63
Q

Contaminant

A

Foreign substance that compromises the purity of a given substance.

64
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

Physical law that states that the amount of radiation present is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation.

65
Q

Toxicity

A

Degree to which a substance ( toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. Ability of a substance to do harm within the body.

66
Q

Systemic Effect

A

Damage spread through an entire system; opposite of a local effect, which is limited to a single location.

67
Q

Asphyxiant

A

Any substance that prevents oxygen from combining sin sufficient quantities with the blood or from being used by body tissues.

68
Q

Irritant

A

Liquid or solid that, upon contact with fire or exposure to air, gives off dangerous or intensely irritating fumes. Also known as Irritating Material.

69
Q

Convulsant

A

Poison that causes convulsions

70
Q

Carcinogen

A

Cancer producing substance

71
Q

Allergen

A

Material that can cause an allergic reaction of the skin or respiratory system.

72
Q

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A

Colorless, odorless, dangerous gas (both toxic and flammable) formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines with hemoglobin more than 200 times faster than oxygen does, decreasing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen.

73
Q

Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

A

Colorless, toxic, and flammable liquid until it reaches 79 degrees F (29 degrees C). Above that temperature, it becomes a gas with a faint odor similar to bitter almonds; produced by the combustion of nitrogen-bearing substances.

74
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

Colorless, odorless, heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns; used in portable fire extinguishers as an extinguishing agent to extinguish Class B or C fires by smothering or displacing the oxygen. CO2 is a waste product of aerobic metabolism.

75
Q

Infectious

A

Transmittable; able to infect people.

76
Q

Pathogen

A

Biological agent that causes disease or illness.

77
Q

Contagious

A

Capable of transmissions from one person to another through contact or close proximity.

78
Q

Infectious Substance

A

Substance that is known, or reasonably expected, to contain pathogens.

79
Q

Explosive

A

Any material or mixture that will undergo an extremely fast self-propagation reaction when subjected to some form of energy.

80
Q

Division Number

A

Subset of a class within an explosives placard that assigns the product’s level of explosion hazard.

81
Q

Compatibility Group Letter

A

Indication on an explosives placard expressed as a letter that categorizes different types of explosive substances and articles for purposes of stowage and segregation.

82
Q

Binary Explosive

A

A type of explosive device or material with two components that are explosive when combined but not separately.

83
Q

Vapor Explosion

A

Occurrence when a hot liquid fuel transfers heat energy to a colder, more volatile liquid fuel. As the colder fuel vaporizes, pressure builds in a container and can create shock waves of kinetic energy.

84
Q

Organic Peroxide

A

Any of several organic derivatives of the inorganic compound hydrogen peroxide.

85
Q

Maximum Safe Storage Temperature (MSST)

A

Temperature below which the product can be stored safely. This is usually 20-30 degrees cooler than the SADT temperature, but may be much cooler depending on the material.

86
Q

Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT)

A

Lowest temperature at which product in a typical package will undergo a self-accelerating decomposition. The reaction can be violent, usually rupturing the package, dispersing original material, liquid and/or gaseous decomposition products considerable distances.

87
Q

Poison

A

Any material, excluding gases, that when taken into the body is injurious to health.

88
Q

Inhalation Hazard

A

Any material that may cause harm via inhalation.

89
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of a chemical element with the usual number of protons in the nucleus, but an unusual number of neutrons; has the same atomic number but a different atomic mass from normal chemical elements.

90
Q

Incident involving gases are

A

Potentially the most dangerous for emergency responders

91
Q

Incidents involving gas require

A

Complex and difficult actions to protect responders and the public

92
Q

Viruses

A

Are the simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics

93
Q

Bacteria

A

Are microscopic, single called organisms. Bacteria may cause disease in people either by invading the tissues or producing toxins

94
Q

Diseases associated with biological hazards or threats are

A 
Malaria 
Tuberculosis 
Hep B
Measles
Ebola
Influenzas 
Typhiod
95
Q

Potential biological weapons include

A

Smallpox (virus)
Anthrax
Botulism (toxin from the bacteria clostridium botulinum)

96
Q

Product’s hazard class is assigned based on

A

It’s most dangerous chemical and or physical properties

97
Q

Class 1

A

Explosives

98
Q

Class 2

A

Gases

99
Q

Class 3

A

Flammable liquids (and combustible liquids in the US)

100
Q

Class 4

A

Flammable solids, spontaneously combustible, and dangerous when wet

101
Q

Class 5

A

Oxidizes and organic peroxide’s

102
Q

Class 6

A

Poisons, poisons inhalation hazards, and infectious substance

103
Q

Class 7

A

Radioactive

104
Q

Class 8

A

Corrosive

105
Q

Class 9

A

Miscellaneous hazards materials

106
Q

The primary hazards of explosives are

A

Thermal and mechanical

107
Q

The blast pressure was is the

A

Primary reason for injuries and damage

108
Q

The potential hazards of gas include

A

Energy
Toxicity (including asphyxiation)
Corrosivity

109
Q

Class 2 gas

Heat hazards

A

Fire, particularly associated with Division 2.1 and oxygen, gases can travel great distances to an ignition source

110
Q

Class 2 gas

Asphyxiation hazards

A

Leaking or released gases displacing oxygen in a confined space

111
Q

Class 2 gas

Cold hazards

A

Exposure to Division 2.2 cryogens

112
Q

Class 2 gas

Mechanical hazards

A

A BLEVE for container exposed to heat or flame;a ruptured cylinder rocketing after exposure to heat or flame

113
Q

Class 2 gas

Chemical hazards

A

Toxic and or corrosive gases and vapors particularly associated with Divsion 2.3

114
Q

The primary hazards of flammable and combustible liquids are

A

Energy
Corrosivity
Toxicity

115
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Thermal hazards

A

Fires and vapor explosions

116
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Asphyxiation

A

Heavier than air vapors displacing oxygen and low lying and or confined spaces

117
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Chemical hazards

A

Toxic and/or corrosive gases and vapors; these may be produce by fires

118
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Mechanical hazards

A

A BLEVE, for containers exposed to heat or flame; caused by a vapor explosion

119
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Vapors

A

Can mix with air and travel great distances to an ignition source

120
Q

Class 3 flammable liquids

Environmental hazards

A

Caused by runoff from fire control

121
Q

4.1

A

Flammable solids

122
Q

4.2

A

Spontaneously combustible materials

123
Q

4.3

A

Dangerous when wet

124
Q

The primary hazards of class 4 materials are

A

Chemical energy
Mechanical energy
Corrosivity
Toxicity

125
Q

5.1

A

Oxidizer - Typically Solids or aqueous solutions

126
Q

5.2

A

Organic peroxide’s - liquid or solids

127
Q

The primary hazards of class 5 are

A

Thermal
Mechanical
Chemical

128
Q

At night winds tend to be

A

Lighter, so gases and vapors will not typically travel as far

129
Q

Many hazmat related injuries are due to

A

The inhalation of vapors or gases

130
Q

Be cautious and alert to vapors from liquids as they may be

A 
Contact hazards 
Inhalation hazards
Flammable 
Corrosive
Toxic
131
Q

BLEVE most commonly occur when

A

Flames contacts tank shell above the liquid level or when insufficient water is applied to keep a tank shell cool

132
Q

Many organic materials ignite

A

Spontaneously when they come into contact with a strong oxidizer

133
Q

Many times the SADT is written into

A

The SDS as decomposition temperature

134
Q

The following actions can ignite flammable/explosive atmosphere

A

Opening or closing a switch or electrical circuit such as a light switch
Turning on a flash-light
Operating a radio
Activating a cell phone

135
Q

Viscous materials tend to be

A

More persistent and may have a lower vapor pressure.

136
Q

Inhalation hazards are

A

Toxic vapor hat can be lethal if inhaled

Hazmat First Res 5th (4 decks)

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