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Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

Heredity

A

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Environment

A

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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5
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

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6
Q

Genes

A

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

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7
Q

Genome

A

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

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8
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

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9
Q

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

A

Develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary brothers and sisters, but they share prenatal environment

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10
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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11
Q

Heritability

A

The proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of population and environments studied.

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12
Q

Interaction

A

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

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13
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

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14
Q

Molecular Behavior Genetics

A

The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

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15
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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16
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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17
Q

Natural Selection

A

The principle that inherited traits that beter enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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18
Q

Mutation

A

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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19
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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20
Q

Norm

A

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

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21
Q

Individualism

A

Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

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22
Q

Collectivism

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

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23
Q

Sex

A

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

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24
Q

Gender

A

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

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25
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm SOMEONE physically or emotionally

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26
Q

Relational Aggression

A

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s RELATIONSHIP or SOCIAL STANDING

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27
Q

X Chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found in both males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child

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28
Q

Y Chromosome

A

The sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

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29
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

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30
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing

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31
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

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32
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

33
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation

34
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual priod

35
Q

Intersex

A

A condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

36
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) abou a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

37
Q

Gender Role

A

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females

38
Q

Gender Identity

A

Our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two

39
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

40
Q

Gender Typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

41
Q

Androgyny

A

Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

42
Q

Transgender

A

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

43
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

44
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

45
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of proportion head and abnormal facial features

46
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated simulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

47
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

48
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

49
Q

Schema

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

50
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

51
Q

Accomodation

A

Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

52
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage from birth to 2 years old, during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

53
Q

Object Permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

54
Q

Preoperational Stae

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

55
Q

Conservation

A

The principle (Piaget) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

56
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

57
Q

Theory of Mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

58
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 y/o) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

59
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (starting at around 12 y/o) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

60
Q

Scaffold

A

In Vygotsky’s theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

61
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

62
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

63
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

64
Q

Critical Period

A

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

65
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

66
Q

Basic Trust

A

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

67
Q

Self-Concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

68
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

69
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

70
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

71
Q

Social Identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

72
Q

Intimacy

A

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

73
Q

Menopause

A

he time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

74
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

75
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

76
Q

Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)

A

Acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse. In older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia

77
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

78
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Psychology (8 decks)

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