Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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3
Q

Selective Attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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4
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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5
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness

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6
Q

Dual Processing

A

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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7
Q

Blindsight

A

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

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8
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; generally used to process well-learned information or to solve easy problems

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9
Q

Sequential Processing

A

Processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

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10
Q

Sleep

A

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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11
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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13
Q

Alpha Waves

A

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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14
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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15
Q

Delta waves

A

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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16
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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17
Q

Insomnia

A

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

18
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

19
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

20
Q

Night Terrors

A

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

21
Q

Dream

A

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

22
Q

Laten Content

A

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

23
Q

REM Rebound

A

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

24
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

25
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

26
Q

Tolerance

A

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger does before experiencing the drug’s effect

27
Q

Withdrawal

A

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

28
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs (such as alcohol, etc.) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

29
Q

Alcohol Use Disorder

A

(aka alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

30
Q

Barbiturates

A

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

31
Q

Opiates

A

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

32
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, meth and powerful cocaine, etc.) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

33
Q

Nicotine

A

A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

34
Q

Cocaine

A

A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

35
Q

Amphetamines

A

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

36
Q

Methamphetamine

A

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

37
Q

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood cognition

38
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

39
Q

Near-Death Experience

A

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

40
Q

LSD

A

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

41
Q

THC

A

The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations