Chapter 4

Question 1

______ was the first person to study human emotions.

Answer 1

John B Watson

Question 2

Emotional response to a stimulus that is acquired through Pavlovian conditioning is called _________.

Answer 2

Conditioned emotional response

Question 3

Albert became fearful of the rat because the arrival of the rat regularly preceded a _______.

Answer 3

loud noise

Question 4

Prejudice is an example of a _______.

Answer 4

CER (conditioned emotional response)

Question 5

In the Garcia experiment, the CS is a ______ and the US is _______.

Answer 5

saccharin // radiation

Question 6

Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse ______ emotions.

Answer 6

positive

Question 7

Classical conditioning provides explanations for the basic phenomena of a drug addiction, ______, _______, _______ and ________.

Answer 7

the high, the tolerance, withdrawal symptoms and relapse.

Question 8

Classical conditioning appears to be a way of helping to diagnose several medical disorders, one of which is __________.

Answer 8

dementia/Alzheimer`s disease/deafness/autism/obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 9

Using Pavlovian conditioning to reverse unwanted effects of prior conditioning is called _________.

Answer 9

counterconditioning

Question 10

Being gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed is called ________.

Answer 10

exposure therapy

Question 11

Moving from one scene to the next in a fear situation, pairing each scene with relaxing stimulus until it no longer causes discomfort is called __________.

Answer 11

systematic desensitization

Question 12

_____________ is a realistic electronic environment to help reduce fear.

Answer 12

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET)

Question 13

_______ is a product of a classical conditioning, acquired through association of a group with negative words or images. The same kinds of experiences that produce prejudice can also reverse it, although the more severe the prejudice the more difficult to reverse.

Answer 13

Prejudice

Question 14

________ is a CS that elicits in appropriate sexual arousal followed by a harmful/unpleasant US. Stimuli that once elicited sexual arousal no longer do so.

Answer 14

Aversion therapy

Question 15

The phenomenon of __________ suggests that we are more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

Answer 15

latent inhibition

Question 16

People used to believe that children were instinctively afraid of fire, animals, and many other things. Watson and Rosalie Rayner found that many such fears were not ______ but were acquired through _________.

Answer 16

innate // conditioning

Question 17

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably ________.

Answer 17

Mary Cover Jones

Question 18

The work of Staats and Staats suggests that prejudice may be partly the result of _____________.

Answer 18

higher-order conditioning

Question 19

In aversion therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as ______ or an _______.

Answer 19

a shock // emetic drug

Question 20

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called _________.

Answer 20

SpinderWorld

Question 21

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings is called ____________.

Answer 21

evaluative conditioning

Question 22

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently precede _______ events.

Answer 22

positive

Question 23

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a _____________.

Answer 23

conditioned taste aversion

Question 24

Senatorial candidate Smith`s popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of _____________.

Answer 24

emotional conditioning

Question 25

Exposure therapy is really a form of ____________.

Answer 25

counterconditioning

Question 26

Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a ______________.

Answer 26

long inter-stimulus interval